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Islamic dietary laws

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Traditional Mezban cooking is a tradition of cooking and serving halal food to people on special occasions in Bangladesh
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Islamic dietary laws are laws that Muslims follow in their diet. Islamic jurisprudence specifies which foods are halal (Arabic: حَلَال, romanized: ḥalāl, lit. 'lawful') and which are haram (Arabic: حَرَام, romanized: ḥarām, lit. 'unlawful'). The dietary laws are found in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, as well as in collections of traditions attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Herbivores, cud-chewing animals like cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and antelope are some examples of animals that are halal only if they are treated like sentient beings and slaughtered painlessly while reciting the basmala and takbir. If the animal is treated poorly or tortured while being slaughtered, the meat is haram. Forbidden food substances include alcohol, pork, frog, carrion, the meat of carnivores, and animals that died due to illness, injury, stunning, poisoning, or slaughtering not in the name of God.[1]

Regulations of food

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Halal (permissible, lawful)

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Quranic verses which have information regarding halal foods include: Q2:173, Q5:5, and Q6:118–119, 121.

Permissible meats and animals

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Livestock or cattle, i.e. grazing beasts, are lawful except those that are explicitly prohibited. However, hunting is prohibited during "the pilgrimage".[2]

This means that most herbivores or cud-chewing animals like cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and antelope are considered halal to consume.[1]

Animals hunted by other animals (such as trained birds) are also permitted.[3]

Permitted method of slaughter

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Main article: Dhabīḥah
Halal butcher shop in Shanghai, China

In Islamic law, dhabīḥah (Arabic: ذَبِيحَة) is the prescribed method of slaughter for halal animals. It consists of a swift, deep incision to the throat with a very sharp knife, cutting the wind pipe, jugular veins and carotid arteries on both sides but leaving the spinal cord intact.[4]

The carcass should be hung upside down for long enough to be free of blood.[5]

Slaughtered animals must be acknowledged as sentient beings and slaughtered painlessly while reciting the Bismillah and Takbir.[1] The butcher is required to call upon the name of Allah (Bismillah) individually for each animal.[4] If the animal is treated poorly, or tortured while being slaughtered, the meat is haram.[1]

Conversely, animals slaughtered for food may not be killed by being boiled or electrocuted.[5] Animals strangled or beaten to death, or which died by falling or due to a wild animal are also expressly forbidden.[6]

Game of Sea

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See also: List of halal and kosher fish

Game of water (i.e. fish and other sea creatures) is generally permitted in most of the schools of Islam, based on their interpretation of the Quran 5:96; however, the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence forbids consumption of seafood other than true "fish", and considers other sea creatures, such as crustaceans, to be makruh.[7] Fishing is permitted during pilgrimage.

Some Hanafi scholars are in disagreement over whether or not prawns and shrimp constitute as true "fish"; comparatively, many scholars do agree that crocodile, crab, lobster, or any mollusk is not.[8][9][10]

In Shia hadith, there is a prohibition on the consumption of eels. Any fish without scales are haram (forbidden) but fish that do have scales are permissible. (see List of halal and kosher fish - Wikipedia)[11]

According to the Maliki school, all types of seafood including seahorses, lobsters and crabs are permitted.

According to Shafi school, every type of fish which is not poisonous (i.e. puffer fish, rock fish etc.) is permitted and crustaceans that do not live on land such as soft-shell crabs and lobsters are permitted, while hermit-crabs, crocodiles and sea-snakes are haram.

Food of People of the book

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Food of Jews and Christians (other than those explicitly forbidden) is lawful for Sunni Muslims.

This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when you give them their marriage portions and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoever denies the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter. (Quran 5:5)[12]

Haram (forbidden)

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A variety of substances are also considered unlawful (haram) for humans to consume and therefore, the consumption of them is forbidden by the Sharia (Islamic law).

Certain animals are considered haram, including land animals without blood, including all insects except locusts. Most reptiles are also considered haram, as well as most pests (hasharat al-Ardh) such as mice and rats.

Differences of opinion exist as to whether the consumption of horses, mules, and donkeys is permitted. In the Quran, one finds this verse: "And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which you have no knowledge".[13] Some scholars have interpreted this as limiting the named animals for riding and show only, prohibiting their consumption.[14] Predatory animals, such as lions, tigers, falcons and hawks are forbidden as well.

However, a person would not be considered guilty of sin in a situation where the lack of any alternative creates an undesired necessity to consume that which is otherwise unlawful, such as a famine.[15]

Intoxicants

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Sign on a refrigerator in a convenience store in Malaysia notifying that sales of beer are for non-Muslim customers only
Main article: Khamr

Alcoholic drinks are generally prohibited under Islamic thought,[16] with the Quran including several verses that admonish the consumption of khamr, an Arabic term meaning intoxicants that is interpreted to include most forms of alcohol and psychoactive drugs:

They question you about intoxicants and games of chance. Say: In both is great sin, and (some) utility for men; but the sin of them is greater than their usefulness. And they ask you what they should to spend. Say: that which is superfluous. Thus God makes plain to you (His) revelations, that you may reflect. (Al-Quran 2:219)

O you who believe! Draw not near unto prayer when you are drunken, till you know that which you say, nor when you are polluted, save when journeying upon the road, till you have bathed. And if you are ill, or on a journey, or you have touched women, and you cannot find water, then go to clean soil and rub your faces and your hands (therewith). Indeed, Allah is ever Pardoning, Forgiving. (Quran 4:43)

O you who believe! Intoxicants and games of chance and idols and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful. (Al-Quran 5:90)

There is some debate about whether the prohibition extends to dishes in which the alcohol would be cooked off, or if it would be practically impossible to consume enough of the food to become intoxicated, but it is generally accepted that the inclusion of any alcohol should be avoided and alternatives used.[16][17][18]

Substances which contain intoxicants but are not consumed are not prohibited as such. For example, alcohol can be used as a disinfectant or for cleaning.[19][20]

The Alevi Muslims of Turkey permit alcohol, unlike many other denominations.[21] The Zaidi and Mutazili sects believe that the use of alcohol has always been forbidden and refer to the Qur'an Ayah (4:43) as feeling of sleepiness and not to be awake.[citation needed]

Carrion

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An animal which dies by itself i.e., carrion is forbidden in Islam:

Forbidden to you is that which dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that on which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, and the strangled (animal) and that beaten to death, and that killed by a fall and that killed by being smitten with the horn, and that which wild beasts have eaten, except what you slaughter, and what is sacrificed on stones set up (for idols) and that you divide by the arrows; that is a transgression. This day have those who disbelieve despaired of your religion, so fear them not, and fear Me. This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion; but whoever is compelled by hunger, not inclining willfully to sin, then surely Allah is most-Forgiving, most-Merciful.

— Quran 5:3[15]

Blood

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The consumption of blood and its by-products as food is forbidden in Islam, in the Quran, surah 5, al-Maʼidah, verse 3:

Forbidden to you is that which dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that on which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, and the strangled (animal) and that beaten to death, and that killed by a fall and that killed by being smitten with the horn, and that which wild beasts have eaten, except what you slaughter, and what is sacrificed on stones set up (for idols) and that you divide by the arrows; that is a transgression. This day have those who disbelieve despaired of your religion, so fear them not, and fear Me. This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion; but whoever is compelled by hunger, not inclining willfully to sin, then surely Allah is most-Forgiving, most-Merciful.

— Quran 5:3[15]

Pork

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See also: Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork

The consumption of pork and products made from pork are strictly forbidden in Islam. The origin of this prohibition is in Surat al-Baqarah:

He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of) Allah has been invoked; but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring, nor exceeding the limit, no sin shall be upon him; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

— Quran 2:173[22]

Animals dedicated to other than God

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Animal dedicated to or slaughtered in the name of a human being or saint is prohibited.

He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of) God has been invoked; but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring, nor exceeding the limit, no sin shall be upon him; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.

— Quran 2:173[22]

Horses, mules and donkeys

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In both Sunni and Shia hadith the meat of mules is prohibited but horse meat is allowed in Sunni sources.

Narrated Jabir bin `Abdullah: "On the day of Khaibar, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the eating of donkey meat and allowed the eating of horse meat."[23]

Horse meat is especially popular among the Muslims of Central Asia, due in part to their nomadic heritage.[24]

According to Shia hadith, the use of horses for food is prohibited.[25]

Donkey meat is prohibited according to one hadith.[26]

Animals with fangs

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Predator animals possessing fangs are prohibited (e.g. cats, dogs, bears, lions, wolves).

Narrated Abu Tha`laba: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the eating of the meat of beasts having fangs (canine teeth).[27][28]

Birds of prey

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Birds having talons are prohibited (e.g. owls, eagles, hawks).

Ibn 'Abbas reported that Islamic Prophet prohibited the eating of all fanged beasts of prey, and all the birds having talons (claws).[29]

Other prohibited animals

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Lizard is prohibited, except for the dabb lizard according to most scholars.

Narrated Abdur Rahman ibn Shibl: The Messenger of God (ﷺ) forbade to eat the flesh of lizard.[30]

It was narrated that Ibn ‘Umar said: "Who eats crows? The Messenger of God (ﷺ) called them vermin, By Allah, they are not from among the good and permissible things."[31]

From Khalid ibn al-Walid, that he went with the Messenger of God to the house of Maymuna, who was his and Ibn Abbas's aunt. He found with her a roasted dabb lizard which her sister Hufayda bint al-Harith brought from Najd. Maymuna presented the dabb lizard to the Messenger of God who rarely started eating food before it was described and named for him. The Messenger of God stretched his hand towards the dabb lizard whereupon a lady among those who were present said, "You should inform the Messenger of God of what you have presented to him. O Messenger of God! It is the meat of a dabb lizard." The Messenger of God withdrew his hand from the meat of the dabb lizard. Khalid asked, "O Messenger of God! Is this unlawful to eat?" The Messenger of God replied, "No, but it is not found in the land of my people, so I do not like it." Khalid said, "I then took the dabb lizard toward me and ate it while the Messenger of God was looking at me.[32]

Likewise snakes, scorpion, and mice are prohibited.

It was narrated from ‘Aishah that the Islamic Prophet said: "Snakes are vermin, scorpions are vermin, mice are vermin and crows are vermin."[33]

Eating monkeys is prohibited in Islam.[34] According to Shia hadith, metamorphosed animals to which a disobedient, irreverent, or arrogant pre-Islamic nation was converted as a punishment (such as apes and monkeys) are prohibited.[35]

Mushbooh

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Foods whose halal status is uncertain or debated may be classified as mushbooh (Arabic: مشبوه; 'doubtful'). This includes foods that are seemingly halal but of an unknown source and ingredients for which the halal status is subject to differing interpretation, such as extract from brewer's yeast, which is nonalcoholic but derived from the production of alcohol.[36]

Islamic dietary laws during Ramadan

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Ramadan, the ninth month on the Muslim calendar, is considered the holy month of fasting. Ramadan begins and ends with the appearance of the new moon. During Ramadan God is said to have delivered the Quran to Muhammad as guidance for the people. During Ramadan, Muslims take time for introspection, prayer, and reading of the Quran. For those who observe Ramadan with fasting, prayer, and faithful intention; God forgives their past sins. During this period, Muslims focus on self restraint or sawm (Arabic: to refrain) which is one of the five pillars of Islam. Ramadan emphasizes sawm, when worshippers have to abstain from food, drink, sexual activity, and immoral behavior between dawn and dusk. After dusk, Muslims break their fast during a meal called iftar with family and friends. Sawm can be negated by breaking fast, however, the lost can be made up with one extra day of fasting. The end of the Ramadan fast is the celebration of Eid-al-Fitr (Feast of Fast-Breaking), one of the two major religious holidays on the Muslim calendar.[37]

Food certification

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Halal restaurant in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Yurta (potatoes with meat) and kumis are made of ingredients considered halal.
Halal food products in an Oriental shop
A carton of milk with halal certificate in China

Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been efforts to create organizations that certify food products as halal for Muslim consumers in the USA.[38] Since 1991, some mainstream manufacturers of soups, grains, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, prepared foods, and other products, as well as hotels, restaurants, airlines, hospitals, and other service providers have pursued the halal market. These companies purchase halal-certified products. This can allow companies to export products to most Middle Eastern countries and Southeast Asian countries. The oldest and most well-known halal certifier in the United States is called the Islamic Services of America.[39]

In Europe, several organizations have been created in order to certify the halal products. A 2009 survey published by a French association of Muslim Consumers (ASIDCOM[40]) shows that the market of halal products has been developed in a chaotic way in Europe.[41] The European certification organizations do not have a common definition of "halal" nor agreed upon control procedures and traceability. The controls implemented by individual agencies are all very different: they can go from an annual audit of the slaughterhouse, to checking each production with permanent controls in place and on-going independent monitoring.[citation needed]

In South Africa, most chicken products have a halal stamp. The South African National Halal Authority (SANHA) issues certificates and products bearing this logo range from water, snacks, and even meat-free products (which may contain non-halal ingredients). The South African National Halal Authority also licenses the usage of the Halal logo in restaurants where the food is halal, in addition to no alcohol or pork products being served.[42]

In Singapore, halal certification is managed by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS), also known as the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore. They are the sole custodian of Halal Certification in Singapore.[43]

In Malaysia, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) is the agency responsible for halal certification in Malaysia.[44]

Availability of halal food in non-Islamic regions

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In 2013, the halal market was estimated to be 26% of world food trade.[45] The Global Halal Institute has a list of Halal certifiers that are approved by most Muslim countries with dietary import restrictions for companies.[46]

Europe and Asia

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In the United Kingdom, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, or Singapore, halal fried chicken restaurants having thousands of outlets, some but not all of which, serve halal foods such as the Nando's, Brown's Chicken, and Crown Fried Chicken companies.[citation needed] In Arab, North African and Middle Eastern countries meat and food is mostly halal, even from foreign fast food chains.[citation needed]

Effects on meat

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Research claims the method of quickly severing windpipe, jugular vein and carotid artery in one quick move without giving the animal time to panic does have an effect on quality of meat. When animals face trauma or stress, the glycogen in their body is converted to lactic acid. This affects the pH level of the meat, lower pH resulting in lighter colored meat and higher pH resulting in darker meat. This makes the meat tougher and also hard to chew. The halal way of slaughtering ensures the method is believed to be less traumatic for the animal.[47]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Şentürk, Lütfi. "Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı İslam İlmihali: İslam'da hayvan hakları ve hayvanlara eziyetin cezası". www.yeniakit.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-10-29.
  2. ^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah - 1". Quran.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  3. ^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah - 4". Quran.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  4. ^ a b [Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani, "The Islamic Laws of Animal Slaughter", White Thread Publishers, CA, USA]
  5. ^ a b "What exactly does the halal method of animal slaughter involve?". The Guardian. May 8, 2014.
  6. ^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah - 3". Quran.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  7. ^ * Muhammad ibn Adam. "Sea Food in the Four Madhahib". Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  8. ^ al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya, 5/289–291
  9. ^ Bada’i al-Sana’i, 5/35–39
  10. ^ Radd al-Muhtar, 304–308.
  11. ^ Al-Kafi 2:11116:1
  12. ^ "Surah Al-Ma'idah - 5:1". quran.com.
  13. ^ "Surah An-Nahl - 8". Quran.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  14. ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud 3790 - Foods (Kitab Al-At'imah) - كتاب الأطعمة - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  15. ^ a b c Quran 5:3
  16. ^ a b Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (2022-09-02). "Des amphores rouges et des jarres vertes: Considérations sur la production et la consommation de boissons fermentées aux deux premiers siècles de l'hégire". Islamic Law and Society. 30 (1–2): 1–64. doi:10.1163/15685195-bja10025. ISSN 0928-9380. S2CID 252084558.
  17. ^ Granleese, Bob (2019-05-31). "As a Muslim, I can't cook with alcohol – what can I use instead?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  18. ^ "Alcohol in Cooking | ISA Halal". Islamic Services of America. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  19. ^ "UK NHS National Patient Safety Agency: Alcohol handrub". Archived from the original on 2017-05-06. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  20. ^ "World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care" (PDF).
  21. ^ Turkey's Alevi Muslims look to EU for protection from intolerance.
  22. ^ a b Quran 2:173
  23. ^ Sahih Bukhari 4219
  24. ^ Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan. Retrieved 13 January 2009. (archived from the original on 2008-06-10)
  25. ^ Al-Kafi 2:11128:13
  26. ^ Sahih Bukhari 7:67:431
  27. ^ Sahih Bukhari 7:67:438
  28. ^ Al-Kafi 2:11117:2
  29. ^ Sahih Muslim 21:4752
  30. ^ Sunah Abi Dawood 3796
  31. ^ Sunao ibn Majah 4:28:3248
  32. ^ Al-Bukhari. Sahih al-Bukhari 5391.
  33. ^ sunah ibn majah 4:28:3249
  34. ^ "Muslims and food: What can be eaten safely and what should be avoided as per Islamic law". Firstpost. 2018-02-05. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  35. ^ Al-Kafi 3:11132:1
  36. ^ "Meaning of Halal, Haram & Mushbooh". Halal Yummies. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  37. ^ "Ramadan | Fasting & Traditions". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  38. ^ "Welcome halaladvocates.org - blueHost.com". halaladvocates.org. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  39. ^ "?". Islamic Services of America.
  40. ^ "ASIDCOM". ASIDCOM.
  41. ^ "Survey on the Halal certification agencies (December 2009)". ASIDCOM. Archived from the original on 2010-09-18. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  42. ^ "HHO: Recognized Halal Certification Bodies". Halal-hub.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  43. ^ "Muis: Halal". www.muis.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  44. ^ "Halal Malaysian Portal". www.halal.gov.my. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  45. ^ "Global Halal Trade Opportunities". Halal Australia. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  46. ^ "List of Halal Certification Bodies | Global Halal Institute". April 16, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-04-16.
  47. ^ Grandin, Temple (1980-01-01). "The Effect of Stress on Livestock and Meat Quality Prior to and During Slaughter". Agribusiness Collection.
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