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Black moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Black Moon (disambiguation).

Black moon is a name recently (2016) [1] given to various new moons or absences of them, within a year. It is not a term used in astronomy and there is no single accepted definition of it.[2] Among the meanings ascribed to it are these: a second new moon that appears in the same month; the third new moon in an astronomical season with four new moons; the absence of a new moon in February; or the absence of a full moon in February.[2]

Definitions, frequency, dates

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Month with two new moons

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One use of the term is for the occurrence of a second new moon in a calendar month. This is analogous to the by-month definition of a blue moon as the second full moon in a month. February is too short for a second new moon to occur. This event occurs about every 29 months.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

The assignment of a calendar date to a new moon, and in which month a second new moon occurs, depends on the time zone. For example, the new moon of 2016-10-01T00:11 UTC occurs on 1 October for Europe, Asia and Oceania, making it the first of two new moons in October. However, for the Americas the date is still 30 September, making this the second new moon of September.[2][7]

Calculated in UTC, instances of a second new moon in a calendar month between 2010 and 2020 are:[10][11]

  • 2011-07-30
  • 2014-01-30
  • 2014-03-30
  • 2016-10-30
  • 2019-08-30

Season with four new moons

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Another use of the term is for the third new moon in a season that has four new moons. This is analogous to the Farmers' Almanac definition of a blue moon as the third full moon in a season with four full moons. A season lasts about three months and usually has three new moons. This event occurs about every 33 months.[2][4]

There is no dependency on time zones in this definition as the seasons are tied to the winter solstice. Instances of four new moons in a season are:[4][10][11]

  • 2012-05-20
  • 2015-02-18
  • 2017-08-21
  • 2020-05-22 or 2020-08-19. This depends on the exact definition of the seasons: If northern summer is deemed to begin at the June solstice then the 2020-06-21 new moon occurs in northern summer. If the seasons are defined in quarter tropical years from the December solstice then the 2020-06-21 new moon occurs in northern spring.

Month without full moon

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Another use of the term is for the absence of the full moon from a calendar month. This can occur only in February; it happens about every 19 years. When February is without full moon, then the preceding January or December and the following March or April have two full moons.[2][3][9]

As with the case of two new moons in a month, whether a black moon by this definition occurs depends on the time zone. Calculated in UTC, instances of a month without full moon between 1990 and 2040 are:[10][11]

  • February 1999
  • February 2018
  • February 2037

Month without new moon

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Another use of the term is for the absence of the new moon in a calendar month. This can occur only in February; it happens about every 19 years. When February is without new moon, then the preceding January or December and the following March or April have two new moons.[2][3]

As with the case of two new moons in a month, whether a black moon by this definition occurs depends on the time zone. Calculated in UTC, instances of a month without new moon between 1990 and 2040 are:[10][11]

  • February 1995
  • February 2014
  • February 2033

Paganism

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In some aspects of paganism, particularly amongst Wiccans, the black moon is considered to be a special time when any rituals, spells, or other workings are considered to be more powerful and effective. Others believe rituals or workings should not be conducted at these times.[2][4][9][12]

Criticism of terminology

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  • The term black moon is not formally established in astronomy and is used at best in the popularization of astronomy.[2]
  • There is no single definition of the term black moon.[2]
  • The new moon itself cannot be observed.[2][4][5][7]
  • The lack of a new or full moon in February can only be assigned to the month, not to any particular date; as such, this is also not observable.
  • The event of a black moon is an artefact of how the Gregorian calendar or the seasons map onto lunations. There is no physical or geometric difference between a black moon and other instances of a new moon.

See also

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  • Blue moon – Metaphor for a rare event, or lunar calendrical term
  • Red Moon, full Moon or eclipsed Moon, among other usages
  • Dark moon – Last visible crescent of waning moon
  • Lunar phase – Shape of the Moon's sunlit portion as viewed from Earth
  • New moon – First lunar phase, the definition varies
  • Wet moon – Horizontal (bowl appearance) crescent
  • Metonic cycle – 19-year pattern in lunisolar calendars

References

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  1. ^ The earliest source appears to be the 2016 on-line article on "Time and Date" referenced below: it does mention but does not properly refer to "astrology" and "wicca", so this appears to be a recent invention modeled after Blue moon.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "What Is a Black Moon?". Time and Date. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Black Moon". The Moon FAQs. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e David Harper (2015). "Two New Moons in one month". Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b Sten Odenwald (2004). "Is there a name for the second New Moon in a month?". Ask the Astronomer. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  6. ^ Fraser Cain (24 December 2015). "Black moon". Universe Today. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  7. ^ a b c Joe Rao (30 September 2016). "Black Moon 2016: What It Is (and Why You Can't See It)". Space.com. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  8. ^ Dorothy Morrison (2004). Everyday Moon Magic Spells & Rituals for Abundant Living. Llewellyn Publications. p. 43. ISBN 0-7387-0249-8.
  9. ^ a b c "Black Moon". Witchipedia. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d "Phases of the Moon". Data Services. Astronomical Applications Department, U.S. Naval Observatory. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d "Phases of the Moon 2000-2049 - Navy.mil" (PDF). US Naval Office. 4 November 1986.
  12. ^ "Moonlore". The Celtic Connection. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
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