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Healthcare in Portugal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hospital of Santo António, Porto.

Healthcare in Portugal is provided through three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (Portuguese: Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage, although in 2012 measures were implemented to ensure the sustainability of the service by the introduction of user fees to be paid for at the end of treatments.[1] In addition, about 25% of the population is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds. The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. The Health Regulatory Entity (ERS) is the public independent entity responsible for the regulation of the activity of all the public, private and social healthcare providers. In 2019 the government proposes to scrap all fees, which constitute about 2 percent of the NHS's budget, apart from some hospital emergencies.[2]

Healthcare system

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National Health Service (SNS)

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SNS logo
SNS health center, Lourinhã
SNS health extension in the village of Samuel, Soure municipality.

The National Health Service (SNS) is the system by which the State assures the right to the health protection, in the terms established by the Portuguese Constitution. It was created in 1979 and operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Health.

The SNS is characterized as being national, universal, general and free. It is national as it should be provided nationwide, although presently it still only covers Continental Portugal. It is universal as all Portuguese citizens and foreign residents have access to it. It is general as it encompasses the whole range of healthcare, including the health surveillance and promotion, the disease prevention, the diagnosis and treatment of patients and the social and medical rehabilitation. It is free, as the system is publicly funded, with the health services being tendentiously free of charge for the users. However, some fees are charged, not in order to finance the system but serving mainly to moderate and filter unnecessary access to the services (e.g. to avoid that a person with a minor injury go to the hospital's emergency department instead of going to a local primary health care unit).

The system is managed by the Central Administration of the Health System (ACSS) and by the five regional health administrations (North, Center, Lisbon and Tagus Valley, Alentejo and Algarve). The ACSS is responsible for the central management of the financial, human, equipment and facility resources of the system, as well as for the establishment of health policies, plans, rules and standards. The regional health administrations are responsible for providing the healthcare services to the populations of their respective regions, as well as to execute the national health plan.

Besides being public funded, the health services provided by the SNS are mainly delivered by public health units. These include:

  • Health centers groups (agrupamentos de centros de saúde, ACES) - providing mainly primary health care to the local communities. Each ACES congregates several health centers. There is at least one health center covering each municipality, each of which can have one or more extensions in its jurisdiction. The ACES include specialized units of family and personalized healthcare, community healthcare and public health;
  • Hospital establishments - providing mainly secondary health care. Most hospitals are now administratively part of a hospital center (centro hospitalar), which groups and manages together several hospital units located in the same city or region. Independent hospitals and hospital centers are classified as group I (general hospitals), II (district hospitals), III (central hospitals) or IV (specialized oncologic, psychiatric or rehabilitation hospitals);
  • Local health units (unidades locais de saúde, ULS) - grouping together the health centers and hospitals located in the same city or region in a single comprehensive administrative unit, which is responsible to provide both primary and secondary health care.

The SNS has also conventions with private entities to provide complementary healthcare services to its users.

Regional health services

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Despite the Constitutional and other statutory provisions and being referred as "National", the SNS is not really nationwide, as it was never expanded to the Portuguese autonomous regions, only covering Continental Portugal. In the scope of their devolved powers, the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira created their own separate regional health services (serviços regionais de saúde, SRS), managed by the respective regional governments.

The exact status of these regional services and its relation with the SNS is however not clear, as both the Statute of the SNS and the Basic Law of Health are silent about the SRS, with this last one only vaguely mentioning that the health policy in the autonomous regions is defined and executed by the respective bodies of self-government.[3][4] The question of the status of the SRS was raised when a number of SNS hospitals sued the Regional Government of the Azores to force it to pay the costs of the services provided to residents in the Azores who received treatment in those establishments. The Azorean government argued that the Azores SRS should be considered a regional extension of the SNS, so its users should also have universal access to SNS healthcare free of charges. However, in a decision taken in May 2015, the Supreme Administrative Court considered that the Azores SRS was autonomous regarding the SNS and should be considered a health subsystem, so being obliged to pay SNS for the services provided to its beneficiaries.[5]

The Azores SRS is managed by the regional secretary of Health and is organized in nine island health units (unidades de saúde de ilha, USI), which include 14 health centers, three hospitals and a center of oncology. Each USI groups all the public healthcare establishments located in the same island in a single administrative unit. There are two types of USI. Those that groups both hospital and health centers are similar to the local health units of the SNS, providing both primary and secondary healthcare. USI that groups only health centers are similar to the health centers groups of the SNS and provide only primary healthcare.

The Madeira SRS is managed by the regional secretary of Health. It includes two hospitals, two specialized centers and 15 health centers. All these healthcare units are grouped in a single administrative unit, the SESARAM, EPE (Health Service of the Autonomous Region of Madeira). The SESARAM, EPE is similar to a local health unit of the SNS, providing both primary and secondary healthcare.

Health subsystems

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The health subsystems are the special schemes - parallel to the SNS - responsible for the providing of healthcare to the members of certain professions or organizations. The adhesion to them is mandatory for these groups of persons, with its financing being made either by the beneficiaries or by their employers. There are public and private subsystems, with the first type being responsible for the providing of healthcare to public servants and the second to the members of private organizations.

The most important public health subsystem is the ADSE, which covers all public servants not covered by other special schemes. ADSE has more than 1.3 million beneficiaries, including servants of the central, regional and local public administrations. The other public subsystems cover some special groups of public servants and are the ADM for the military personnel of the Armed Forces, the SAD/GNR for the military personnel of the National Republican Guard, the SAD/PSP for the police personnel of the Public Security Police and SSMJ for some special professional groups (prison guards, Judiciary Police agents, probation officers, etc.) of the Ministry of Justice. All these public subsystems are entirely financed by the State.

The private subsystems are mainly characterized by their occupational basis. They cover either members of certain professions - independently of their employer - or cover the employees of specific private organizations. They can be financed by the beneficiaries - usually through a discount in their salaries - or by their employers. Example of private subsystems are the SAMS for the bank employees, the PT-ACS for the employees of Portugal Telecom and the SSCGD for the employees of Caixa Geral de Depósitos.

The subsystems usually provide the healthcare to their beneficiaries both through public and private medical establishments. This is done by previous conventions agreed between the subsystems and the medical services providers (SNS, SRS or private entities) or - when there are not previous conventions - by the post reimbursement of the beneficiaries for the healthcare payments they advanced. Some subsystems are able to provide directly healthcare services through their own medical establishments. This is the case of the ADM through the Hospital of the Armed Forces and other military health units and is also the case of the SAMS through the SAMS Hospital and SAMS clinics.

Health insurances

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The health insurances complement both the SNS and the health subsystems, with the adherence to them being usually voluntary (although there are some mandatory health insurances). Being considered a healthcare complementary activity, the health insurances are also under the supervision of the Ministry of Health.

The insurances healthcare services are provided to the insured persons through either direct or free schemes. In the direct scheme the services are provided by medical establishments which have a previous convention with the insurance network. In the free scheme, the services are provided by entities with no previous conventions, with the insured person advancing the payment and then being reimbursed by the insurance.

A number of health insurance networks exist in Portugal, with the larger ones being the Multicare (part of Fidelidade insurance group), the AdvanceCare (joint venture of several insurance corporations) and the Medis (part of BCP group).

Emergency medical services

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Main article: Emergency medical services in Portugal
INEM ambulance speeding to respond to a medical emergency.

The Integrated System of Medical Emergency (SIEM) is the main emergency medical service of Portugal, managed by the National Medical Emergency Institute (INEM), an agency of the Ministry of Health. It is activated by the emergency number 1-1-2, under the coordination of four regional urgent patients guidance centers (CODU) and an additional CODU for emergencies at the sea. The SIEM also includes an anti-poison information center (CIAV) and a subsystem for the emergency transportation of high risk newborns to specialized hospital units (TIP).

Under the coordination of the CODU, a number of specialized mobile resources operate, including ambulances, fly cars, air ambulances, motorcycle ambulances and disaster response vehicles. The ambulances are either directly operated by the INEM from its regional branches or are operated from the medical emergency and reserve posts installed in the local fire departments or in the local branches of the Portuguese Red Cross.

The interface between the pre-hospital emergency care and the hospital care is made through three levels of urgency services. The basic emergency services (SUB) deal only with basic medical-only or very simple surgical emergencies. The medical-surgical emergency services (SUMC) deal with medical and also surgical emergencies. The polyvalent emergency services (SUP) deal with the most serious emergencies that need a very differentiated medical and/or surgical treatment. The SUB are installed in the ACES, the SUMC are installed in the hospitals or hospital centers and the SUP are usually installed only in group III hospital establishments.

Although also supporting the Portuguese Atlantic islands with some specialized services, the SIEM covers mainly the territory of Continental Portugal, with the Azores and Madeira having their own separate medical emergency services. In Madeira, the services are provided by the Regional Medical Emergency Service (SEMER), which has features similar to those of the INEM. In the Azores, the medical emergency services are provided by the local fire departments under the coordination of the Regional Civil Protection and Fire Service.

Hospitals

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Public hospitals

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The public hospitals are part of the National Health Service (SNS) or of the regional health services (SRS) of the Portuguese Atlantic islands.

Although some hospitals continue to constitute themselves separate administrative hospital establishments, most of the hospital units are now administratively grouped in hospital super-establishments designated "hospital centers" (centros hospitalares). A next phase of hospital administration is being implemented, with the creation of comprehensive health mega-establishments designated "local health units" (unidades de saúde local, ULS). The ULS group not only the hospitals but also the health centers located in the same city or region, integrating the providing of both primary and secondary healthcare in a single administrative unit. Most of the public hospital establishments constitute State-owned enterprises (entidades públicas empresariais, EPE). However, some public hospitals are managed by private entities as public-private partnerships (PPP).

In terms of service, the SNS hospitals, hospital centers and ULS are either classified as group I, II, III or IV (this being subdivided in the IV-a, IV-b and IV-c groups):

Below, is the list of the Portuguese public hospitals establishments, divided by the health regions of the SNS (North, Center, Lisbon and Tagus Valley (LVT), Alentejo and the Algarve), the Autonomous Region of the Azores (SRS of Azores) and the Autonomous Region of Madeira (SRS of Madeira):

Hospital of São Teotónio, Viseu.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Centre of the North, Valadares
Region Hospital establishment Locations / units Group
Alentejo ULS do Norte Alentejo, EPE Portalegre (Hospital de Santa Luzia) and Elvas (Hospital Doutor José Maria Grande) I
Alentejo ULS do Baixo Alentejo, EPE Beja (Hospital José Joaquim Fernandes) and Serpa (Hospital de São Paulo) I
Alentejo ULS do Litoral Alentejano, EPE Santiago do Cacém (Hospital do Litoral Alentejano) I
Center Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira, EPE Covilhã (Hospital Pêro da Covilhã) and Fundão (Hospital do Fundão) I
Center Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, EPE Leiria (Hospital de Santo André), Pombal (Hospital de Pombal) and Alcobaça (Hospital Bernardino Lopes de Oliveira) I
Center Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga Aveiro (Hospital Infante Dom Pedro), Águeda (Hospital Distrital de Águeda) and Estarreja (Hospital Visconde de Salreu) I
Center Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE Figueira da Foz I
Center ULS da Guarda Guarda (Hospital Sousa Martins) and Seia (Hospital Nossa Senhora da Assunção) I
Center ULS de Castelo Branco Castelo Branco (Hospital Doutor Amato Lusitano) I
LVT Centro Hospitalar Barreiro/Montijo, EPE Barreiro (Hospital de Nossa Senhora do Rosário) and Montijo (Hospital Distrital do Montijo) I
LVT Centro Hospitalar de Setúbal Setúbal (Hospital de São Bernardo and Hospital Ortopédico Sant'Iago do Outão) I
LVT Centro Hospitalar do Oeste Caldas da Rainha (Hospital Distrital das Caldas da Rainha and Hospital Termal das Caldas da Rainha), Torres Vedras (Hospital de Torres Vedras and Hospital Doutor José Maria Antunes Júnior/Hospital do Barro) and Peniche (Hospital São Pedro Gonçalves Telmo) I
LVT Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo Abrantes (Hospital de Abrantes), Torres Novas (Hospital de Torres Novas) and Tomar (Hopital de Tomar) I
LVT Hospital de Cascais, PPP Cascais
LVT Hospital de Loures, PPP Loures (Hospital Beatriz Ângelo) I
LVT Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, PPP Vila Franca de Xira I
LVT Hospital Distrital de Santarem, EPE Santarém I
LVT Hospital Fernando da Fonseca, EPE Amadora I
North Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave, EPE Guimarães (Hospital de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira) and Fafe (Hospital de São José de Fafe) I
North Centro Hospitalar do Médio Ave, EPE Santo Tirso (Hospital Conde de São Bento) and Vila Nova de Famalicão (Hospital São João de Deus) I
North Centro Hospitalar Entre Douro e Vouga, EPE Santa Maria da Feira (Hospital de São Sebastião), São João da Madeira (Hospital Distrital de São João da Madeira) and Oliveira de Azemeis (Hospital de São Miguel) I
North Centro Hospitalar Póvoa do Varzim/Vila do Conde, EPE Póvoa do Varzim (Hospital da Póvoa de Varzim) and Vila do Conde (Hospital de Vila do Conde) I
North Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, EPE Penafiel (Hospital Padre Américo) and Amarante (Hospital de São Gonçalo de Amarante) I
North Hospital Santa Maria Maior, EPE Barcelos I
North ULS de Matosinhos, EPE Matosinhos (Hospital Pedro Hispano) I
North ULS do Alto Minho, EPE Viana do Castelo (Hospital de Santa Luzia and Hospital Conde Bertiandos) I
North ULS do Nordeste, EPE Bragança (Hospital Distrital de Bragança), Macedo de Cavaleiros (Hospital de Macedo de Cavaleiros) and Mirandela (Hospital de Mirandela) I
Alentejo Hospital do Espírito Santo, EPE Évora II
Algarve Centro Hospitalar do Algarve, EPE Faro (Hospital Distrital de Faro), Lagos (Hospital de Lagos) and Portimão (Hospital de Portimão) II
Center Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, EPE Tondela (Hospital Cândido de Figueiredo) and Viseu (Hospital de São Teotónio) II
LVT Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, EPE Lisbon (Hospital Egas Moniz and Hospital de São Francisco Xavier) and Carnaxide (Hospital de Santa Cruz) II
LVT Hospital Garcia de Orta, EPE Almada II
North Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, EPE Peso da Régua (Hospital Dom Luiz I), Vila Real (Hospital de São Pedro de Vila Real), Chaves (Unidade Hospitalar de Chaves / former Hospital de Chaves) and Lamego (Unidade Hospitalar de Lamego / former Hospital Distrital de Lamego) II
Algarve Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia / Espinho, EPE Vila Nova de Gaia (Unidade I / former Hospital Eduardo Santos Silva and Unidade II / former Hospital Distrital de Vila Nova de Gaia) and Espinho (Unidade III / former Hospital Nossa Senhora da Ajuda) II
North Hospital de Braga, EPE Braga II
Center Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, EPE Coimbra (Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Hospital Geral dos Covões, Maternidade Bissaya Barreto, Maternidade Dr. Daniel de Matos, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra and Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Coimbra/Unidade Sobral Cid) III
LVT Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE Lisbon (Hospital de São José, Hospital de Santo António dos Capuchos, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Hospital Curry Cabral, and Maternidade Alfredo da Costa) III
LVT Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE Lisbon (Hospital de Santa Maria and Hospital Pulido Valente) III
North Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE Oporto (Hospital de São João) and Valongo (Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Valongo) III
North Centro Hospitalar do Porto, EPE Oporto (Hospital Geral de Santo António, Hospital Joaquim Urbano and Maternidade Júlio Dinis) III
Center Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra, Francisco Gentil, EPE Coimbra IV-a
LVT Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, EPE Lisbon IV-a
Center Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Francisco Gentil, EPE Oporto IV-a
Algarve Centro de Medicina Física de Reabilitação do Sul São Brás de Alportel IV-b
Center Centro de Medicina Física de Reabilitação da Região Centro - Rovisco Pais Cantanhede IV-b
North Centro de Medicina Física de Reabilitação do Norte Valadares IV-b
LVT Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa Lisbon (Hospital Júlio de Matos) IV-c
North Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, EPE Oporto IV-c
Azores Unidade de Saúde de São Miguel Ponta Delgada (Hospital de Ponta Delgada) N/A
Azores Unidade de Saúde da Terceira Angra do Heroísmo (Hospital de Santo Espírito de Angra do Heróismo and Centro de Oncologia Professor José Conde) N/A
Azores Unidade de Saúde do Faial Horta (Hospital da Horta) N/A
Madeira Hospital Central do Funchal Funchal (Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça and Hospital dos Marmeleiros) N/A

Social hospitals

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The social hospitals, are those ones managed by private institutions of social solidarity, namely the traditional Portuguese misericórdias (holy houses of mercy). These hospitals have agreements with the National Health Service, being public subsidized and providing healthcare to the users of that system in the same way as the public hospitals.

Historically, the misericórdias were the main hospital care providers in Portugal, since their creation in the end of the 15th century to the nationalization of the management of their hospitals in the 1970s. Traditionally, the State only kept the direct administration of some public hospitals, located mainly in Lisbon, Coimbra and Oporto. The vast majority of the rest of the hospitals were owned and managed by the misericórdias, although under the administrative and technical supervision of the State and inserted in the public hospital network. In 1974, the administration of all central and district hospitals owned by the misericórdias was nationalized and transferred to the State direct management, although not their property. In 1975, the same disposition was applied to the local hospitals and later to other specialized hospitals owned by the misericórdias. The Basic Law of Health of 1990 and the National Health Service Statute of 1993 allowed the devolution to the misericórdias of the administration of the hospitals owned by them. However, only some cases of devolution occurred.

Presently, there are 12 hospitals of social nature under the administration of the misericórdias.

Private hospitals

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Portugal has a number of private hospitals mainly focused in providing medical care to the health subsystems (special professional health schemes) and private health insurance schemes beneficiaries.

Many of these are part of hospital and clinic networks owned by private healthcare corporations, with some major players being the Luz Saúde (formerly a division of the Espírito Santo Financial Group and now part of the Fidelidade insurance group), the CUF (the healthcare division of the Mello group) and the Lusíadas Saúde (formerly part of the Caixa Geral de Depósitos group and now a division of the Brazilian Amil healthcare group).

Below is the list of some of the main private hospitals in Portugal:

Luz Hospital, Lisbon
CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon
Hospital Location Owner / network
Hospital da Luz Torres de Lisboa (former British Hospital) Lisbon Luz Saúde[7]
Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa Lisbon Portuguese Red Cross
Casa de Saúde - Clínica Infante Santo, Lda Lisbon
Casa de Saúde de Amares, Lda Amares
Casa de Saúde de São Mateus, Lda Viseu
Casa de Saúde do Barreiro Barreiro
Casa de Saúde do Senhor da Serra, Lda Belas
Centro de Genética Clínica Prof. Amândio Tavares, SA Oporto
Centro Hospitalar de São Francisco, SA Leiria SANFIL Medicina, SA
Clínica de Todos os Santos, Lda Lisbon
Clinigrande - Clínica da Marinha Grande, Lda Marinha Grande
Cliria - Hospital Privado de Aveiro, SA Aveiro Luz Saúde
Cliria (Oiã) - Hospital Privado de Aveiro, SA Aveiro Luz Saúde
CLISA - Clínica de Santo António, SA Amadora
HOPALIS - Hospital Particular de Lisboa, SA Lisbon
Hospital CUF Descobertas Lisbon CUF
Hospital CUF Tejo Lisbon CUF
Hospital CUF Porto Oporto CUF
Hospital da Arrábida - Gaia, SA Vila Nova de Gaia Luz Saúde
Hospital da Luz Lisbon Luz Saúde
Hospital da Luz Guimarães Guimarães Luz Saúde
Hospital da Misericórdia de Évora, SA Évora Luz Saúde
Hospital da Ordem Terceira Lisbon Third Order of St. Francis
Hospital da Trofa Trofa Trofa Saúde SGPS, SA
Hospital de Saint Louis Lisbon Société Française de Bienfaisance en Portugal
Hospital de Santiago Setúbal Luz Saúde
Hospital Particular de Viana do Castelo, Lda Viana do Castelo
Hospital Particular do Algarve, SA Portimão
Hospital Privado da Boa Nova Perafita Trofa Saúde SGPS, SA
Hospital Privado de Braga Braga Trofa Saúde SGPS, SA
Hospital Residencial do Mar Bobadela Luz Saúde
Clipóvoa - Hospital Privado Póvoa de Varzim Luz Saúde
HPA - Hospital Particular de Almada, Lda Almada
HPP Hospital da Boavista Oporto Lusíadas Saúde
HPP Hospital de Santa Maria de Faro Faro Lusíadas Saúde
HPP Hospital de São Gonçalo de Lagos Lagos Lusíadas Saúde
HPP Hospital dos Lusíadas Lisbon Lusíadas Saúde
Instituto CUF Diagnóstico e Tratamento Senhora da Hora CUF
SANFIL - Casa de Saúde Santa Filomena, SA Coimbra SANFIL Medicina, SA
Hospital SAMS Lisbon Trade Union of the Bank Employees

Other hospitals

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Health Cluster Portugal

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Champalimaud Foundation in Lisbon, a world class biomedical research institution and one of the founders of the HCP.

Portugal has been identified as a center of competence in health connected activities, with the potential to become a cluster of excellence with international vocation.

In order to develop that potential, in 2008, several public and private organizations related with the health sector - including medical services providers, pharmaceutical industrial companies, universities and research and development entities - founded the Health Cluster Portugal (HCP). Its objective is to make Portugal a competitive player in the research, design, development, manufacture and marketing of products and associated health services in niche markets and selected technology, targeting the most demanding and most important international markets.

The strategy of the HCP focuses in the development of the following areas:

Immigrants

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Immigration was seen as one of the most problematic issues for Portugal in 2024 by its population. With regard to the use of health services, there are multiple studies carried out to show the differences between immigrants and nationals. Studies showed that immigrants had a greater number of visits to emergency services when compared to visits by nationals. On the other hand, immigrants demonstrated a lower frequency of visits to general practitioners, fewer days in hospitals, and fewer visits to specialists than those reported by the Portuguese. These differences, as referenced in the research study, can be explained due to the fact that immigrants are even younger and, therefore, are still in healthier conditions, something that changes as soon as immigrants get older and start to demand more health care. However, immigrants have higher rates of incidence of diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis than the Portuguese, who already had a low incidence of these diseases. According to an official infectious disease study from 2022, immigrants are the most infected with HIV, and despite being only 5% of the total population, they represented 50% of new cases of HIV infection, with less than half becoming infected in the country of destination, because the majority of immigrants have already immigrated infected with HIV to Portugal, according to infectious disease experts.[8][9][10][11]

When compared to other European countries, most immigrants tend to see more doctors, general practitioners and hospital admissions than nationals. Similarly, the health of immigrants in other countries is typically in a worse situation when compared to that of natives, with Portugal being an exception where natives are considered less healthy when compared to their immigrants. Furthermore, more individual immigrants in Portugal typically have full cost coverage than nationals.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Tough Cuts In Portugal May Be Exacting High Toll". NPR.org. 13 April 2012.
  2. ^ "Government to scrap fees in the NHS". The Portugal News. 21 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  3. ^ "SNS – Portal do SNS". Portaldasaude.pt. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  4. ^ "::: Lei n.º 48/90, de 24 de Agosto". Pgdlisboa.pt. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  5. ^ "Supremo: Açores têm de pagar tratamentos de residentes no continente". Cmjournal.xl.pt. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  6. ^ "HEPE - Mapa_Hospitais - default". www.hospitaisepe.min-saude.pt. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  7. ^ "British is Now Hospital da Luz". www.hospitaldaluz.pt. 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  8. ^ Almeida. "Portuguese concerned about human trafficking criticize immigration policies". Expresso (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  9. ^ Coutinho. "Access to healthcare for immigrant communities in Portugal". University of Lisbon (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  10. ^ Lusa. "Immigrants are among the most vulnerable to HIV. They are 5% of the population but represented half of the cases of infection". Público (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  11. ^ Lusa. "Hospitalizations for chronic hepatitis B rose due to migration from areas with high prevalence". Observador (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-06-01.
  12. ^ Solé-Auró, Aïda; Guillén, Montserrat; Crimmins, Eileen M. (2012). "Health Care Usage among Immigrants and Native-Born Elderly Populations in Eleven European Countries: Results from SHARE". The European Journal of Health Economics. 13 (6): 741–754. doi:10.1007/s10198-011-0327-x. ISSN 1618-7598. JSTOR 23275619. PMC 3591521. PMID 21660564.
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