Arcadocypriot Greek

Arcadocypriot Greek
Arcadocypriot Greek
Region	Arcadia, Cyprus
Era	c. 1300 – c. 300[citation needed] BC
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Ancient Greek Central Arcadocypriot Greek; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Greek Achaean Proto-Arcado-Cypriot ; ;
Writing system	Greek alphabet; Cypriot syllabary
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Linguist List	grc-arc
Glottolog	arca1234

Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known from the Linear B corpus, indicates that they are closely related to it, and belong to the same dialect group, known as Achaean.^[2]

In Cyprus the dialect was written using solely the Cypriot syllabary. The most extensive surviving text of the dialect is the Idalion Tablet.^[3] A significant literary source on the vocabulary comes from the lexicon of 5th century AD grammarian Hesychius.

History

The prevailing dialect spoken in southern Greece (including Achaea, the Argolid, Laconia, Crete, and Rhodes) at the end of the Bronze Age, was Proto-Arcado-Cypriot.^[4] The Mycenaean and Arcado-Cypriot dialects belong to the same group, known as Achaean. Certain common innovations of Arcadian and Cypriot, as attested in the first millennium BC, indicate that they represent vernaculars that had slightly diverged from the Mycenaean administrative language, sometime before a migration to Cyprus; possibly during the 13th or 12th century BC.^[2] Pausanias reported:

Agapenor, the son of Ancaeus, the son of Lycurgus, who was king after Echemus, led the Arcadians to Troy. After the capture of Troy the storm that overtook the Greeks on their return home carried Agapenor and the Arcadian fleet to Cyprus, and so Agapenor became the founder of Paphos, and built the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos (Old Paphos).^[5]

The establishment happened before 1100 BC. With the arrival of Dorians in the Peloponnese, a part of the population moved to Cyprus, and the rest was limited to the Arcadian mountains.

According to John T Hooker, the preferable explanation for the general historico-linguistic picture is

that in the Bronze Age, at the time of the great Mycenaean expansion, a dialect of a high degree of uniformity was spoken both in Cyprus and in the Peloponnese but that at some subsequent epoch the speakers of West Greek intruded upon the Peloponnese and occupied the coastal states, but made no significant inroads into Arcadia.^[6]

Later developments

After the collapse of the Mycenaean world, communication ended, and Cypriot was differentiated from Arcadian. It was written until the 3rd century BC using the Cypriot syllabary.^[7]^[8]

Tsan was a letter in use only in Arcadia until around the 6th century BC. Arcadocypriot kept many characteristics of Mycenaean, early lost in Attic and Ionic, such as the /w/ sound (digamma).

Glossary

Arcadian

Arcadian word	English transliteration	Meaning	Other Greek dialects
ἀμφιδεκάτη	amphidekatê	21st of the month ἡ μετὰ εἰκάδα ἡμέρα	(ampheikas)(dekatê tenth)
ἄνωδα	anôda	up-side	Attic ἄνωθε anôthe
ἄρμωλα	armôla or ἀρμώμαλα armômala	food seasoning	Attic ἀρτύματα artymata; ἀρτύω artyo
ἄσιστος	asistos	nearest	Attic ἄγχιστος anchistos
δάριν	darin or dareir	span of all fingers; see Ancient Greek units of measurement	Attic σπιθαμή spithame, inch)
Ἑκατόμβαιος	Hecatombaios	epithet for Apollo in Athens and for Zeus in Gortys (Arcadia) and Gortyna, Crete
Ϝιστίαυ	Wistiau		Attic Hestiou, eponym genitive of Hestios; Cf.Hestia and gistia)
ϝοῖνος	woinos	wine	Cypriot, Cretan, Delphic, Magna Graecian; Attic oinos
ζέλλω	zellô	"throw, put, let, cast"	Attic βάλλω ballô
ζέρεθρον	zerethron	pit	(Homeric, Attic βέρεθρον berethron; (Koine barathron)
θύρδα	thyrda	outside	Attic ἔξω exô, thyra door; (Paphian θόρανδε thorande
ἴν	in	in, inside	Attic en; Cypriot id.
κάθιδος	kathidos	water-jug	Attic ὑδρία hydria; (Tarentine huetos)
κάς	kas	and	Attic καί kai; Cypriotic id.
κίδαρις	kidaris	Arcadian dance (Athenaeus 14.631d.)^[9] and Demetra Kidaria in Arcadia.
κόρϝα	korwa	girl	Attic korê; Pamphylian name Κορϝαλίνα Korwalina
Κορτύνιοι	Kortynioi	(Kortys or Gortys (Arcadia))
κυβήβη	kubêbê	boot, shoe	Attic hypodema
Λῆναι	Lênai	Bacchae (Lenaeus Dionysus, Lenaia festival
μωρίαι	môriai	horses, cattle
οὔνη	ounê or ounei	come on! Go!	Attic δεῦρο, δράμε deuro, drame
πέσσεται	pessetai	it is cooked, roasted	Attic ὀπτᾶται optatai
πος	pos	towards, into	Attic προς pros; Cypriot id. ! ποσκατυβλάψη^[10] poskatublapse (Attic proskatablapsei)
σίς^[11]	sis	who, anyone	Attic tis; Laconian tir; Thessalian kis; Cypr. sis (si se)

Cypriot

ἀβάθων abathôn teacher (Attic didaskalos)
ἁβαριστάν abaristan (γυναικιζομένην) 'effeminate'
ἀβαρταί abartai birds, volatile (Attic hai ptênai, ta ptêna πτηνά)
ἀβλάξ ablax 'brightly wonderful' (Attic λαμπρῶς lambrôs) (α + βλάξ (blax) "idiot", blapto "harm")
ἀβρεμής abremês ἀβλεπής, ἀνάξιος του βλέπεσθαι, 'unworthy of being seen, despicable'
ἁγάνα hagana and agana (Attic σαγήνη sagênê 'dragnet')
ἄγαν θές (agan thes) (Attic σιώπα siôpa, 'shut up' ( "too much" + "put" (tithemi imp.)
ἄγκυρα ankura (Attic τριώβολον triôbolon, "three obols") (Attic ankura anchor)
ἀγλαόν aglaon (Attic γλαφυρόν glaphyron, "smooth, sweet, simple, decorated" (Cretan also), (Attic: aglaos "bright")
ἀγόρ agor eagle (Attic ἀετός aetos)
ἀγχοῦρος anchoûros near the morning (from anchauros anchi + aurion tomorrow )
ἄδειὁς adeios (Attic akathartos), "cleanless, impure" (cf. Attic: adeios, adeia = "fearless, safe", Byzantine and Modern: adeios, adeia = "empty")
ἄδρυον adryon (ploion dugout canoe) (α + δρῦς)
ἀθρίζειν athrizein (Attic ῥιγοῦν rhigoun to shiver)
ἀίεις aieis 'you listen' (Attic ἀκούεις akoueis) (aïô only in poetic use)
αἰπόλος aipolos (Koine kapêlos wine-seller) (Attic aipolos 'goatherd') (Attic pôleô sell)
ἀκεύει akeuei (Attic τηρεῖ terei he observes, maintains, keeps order)
ἄκμων akmôn (Attic ἀλετρίβανος aletribanos plough or pestle) (Attic ἄκμων anvil, meteor) (Acmon mythology)
ἀκοστή akostê barley (Attic κριθή krithê ) Cypr. according to Hsch., but Thess. for grain of all kinds according to Sch.Il.6.506.)
ἅλς hals (Attic oinos wine) (Attic ἅλς hals sea) (ἅλα *θάλασσαν (Α 141) vgAS ἢ οἶνος Κύπριοι)
ἀλάβη alabê or alaba (Attic μαρίλη marile charcoal-ember) λιγνύς. σποδός. καρκίνος. ἄνθρακες
ἀλειπτήριον aleipterion (Attic γραφεῖον grapheion writing utensil or place of writing and engraving) (Attic ἀλειφω aleiphô smear, rub)
ἄλευρον aleuron grave (Attic τάφος taphos )(leuros smooth, level, even )(Attic ἄλευρον wheat flour)
ἄλουα aloua gardens (Attic κῆποι kêpoi)
ἁλουργά halourga the red things of the sea τὰ ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης πορφυρᾶ Cypr. according to Hsch.
ἄνδα anda she (Attic αὕτη hautê)
ἄορον aoron lever μοχλός gateway πυλῶν door-keeper θυρωρός (Aeolic aoros unsleeped)
ἀούματα aoumata chaffs, straws left-overs of barleys τὰ τῶν πτισσομένων κριθῶν ἄχυρα (Cf. loumata, lumata)
ἀπέλυκα apelyka (Attic ἀπέῤῥωγα aperrhoga I am broken, crashed)
ἀπλανῆ aplanê many, a lot (Attic πολλά) (Laconian ameremera) (Attic aplaneis unmoving, non wandering esp. for stars)
ἀποαἵρει apoairei (Attic ἀποκαθαίρει apokathairei he cleans, removes) (ἀπαίρω lead off, set out to sea)
ἀπόγεμε apogeme imp. remove out, draw off liquor(Attic ἄφελκε aphelke) (Attic γέμω gemô to be full of)
ἀπολοισθεῖν apoloisthein to finish complete (Attic ἀποτελεῖν apotelein)(ὅλος holos whole)
ἀπόλυγμα apolugma denudation (Attic ἀπογύμνωσις apogymnôsis)(cf. apolouma)
ἀρὰς ἐπισπεῖραι aras epispeirai Cypriot cursing custom sowing barley with water σπειρόντων κριθὰς μεθ' ἁλὸς καταρᾶσθαί τισιν
ἄριζος arizos grave (Attic taphos) (α + ῥίζα rhiza root)
ἄρμυλα armula shoes (Attic ὑποδήματα hypodemata)
ἀρμώατος armôatos (Attic σπασμός spasmos spasm)
ἄρουρα aroura 'heap of wheat with straws' σωρὸς σίτου σὺν ἀχύροις (Homeric, Ionic ἄρουρα aroura earth)
ἄρπιξ arpix harpix or aprix acanthus "species of thorn", εἶδος ἀκάνθης (Attic aprix fast, tight)
αὔγαρος augaros (Attic ἄσωτος asôtos unsaved, wasteful, prodigal)
αὐεκίζειν auekizein (Attic σφακελίζειν sphakelizein produce gangrene)
Ἀχαιομάντεις Achaiomanteis seers, priests in Cyprus (Hesychius)
βᾶλλαι ballai (Attic βαθμοί bathmoi grades, steps, stages) (Aeolic arrows)
βλάστα blasta (Attic βλάστησις blastesis Vegetation)
βομβοία bomboia (Attic κολυμβὰς ἐλαία kolumbas elaia pickled olive, swimming in brine)(Attic kolumbaô dive, swim)
βορβορίζει borborizei γογγύζει. μολύνει it groans, pollutes
βουκανῆ boukanê anemone flower ἀνεμώνη (bukanê trumpet)
βουνός bounos (Attic στιβάς stibas bed of straw, reeds, leaves) (Koine bounos hill, mountain)
βοώνητα boôneta (Attic 'purchased things in the price of cows') τιμῆς βοῶν ἠγορασμένα (Cypriot unholy things)
βρένθιξ brenthix (Attic θριδακίνη thridakine lettuce)
βρίγκα brinka small (Attic μικρόν mikron)
βριμάζειν brimazein orgasmize ὀργᾷν εἰς συνουσίαν (Brimô mythology) (brimaomai freak, be enraged)
βροῦκα brouka green locust χλωρὰν ἀκρίδα (Ionic broukos)
βρούχετος brouchetos frog (Attic βάτραχος bathrachos) (Hsch. brouchetos pit βάραθρον)
βύβλιοι byblioi gravekeepers
γάνος ganos garden pl. ganea (Hebrew gan 'garden')
γέμοις νυ gemois nu lit."you may be full, filled now" Hsch. λαβέ καὶ κάθιζε take and sit
γένεσις genesis libation (Attic σπονδή sponde)
γοᾶναι goanai (Attic κλαίειν klaiein to cry) (goaô moan)
γρᾶ gra or grasthi "eat (imp)" (Attic φάγε phage) (Attic graô gnaw) (Sanskrit grasate eat) (PIE *gres- devour) (Salaminian καγρᾶkagra kata + graô Koine kataphagas gluttonous)
δαματρίζειν damatrizein τὸ συνάγειν τὸν Δημητριακὸν καρπόν "collect the fuits of Demeter"
δεῖν dein 'turn' (Attic στρέφειν strephein (cf. Attic: deo tie)
δίπτυον diptuon (Attic hemimedimnos, a dry measure) (Aeolic kammarpsis)
διφθεραλοιφός diphtheraloiphos elementary teacher γραμματοδιδάσκαλος grammatodidaskalos ( aleiphô "smear" + diphthera "goatskin, writing-material, parchment"
δρόσος drosos ἀχρείος achreios "needless, useless" (Attic drosos dew)
δύσεα dusea (the things around the wall) τοῦ τοίχου τὰ πέριξ
ἔαρ ear (Attic αἷμα haima blood) (Attic Ear Spring (season))
Ἔγχειος Encheios Ἀφροδίτη
ἔλαψα elapsa (Attic διέφθειρα diephtheira I harmed)
ἔλφος elphos butter (Attic βούτυρον boutyron)
ἔναυὁν enauon ἔνθες put in, ignite εναύοντες ἀνάπτοντες πυρί. τὰ γὰρ σμήνη τῶν μελισσῶν διώκουσι διὰ πυρὸς καὶ καπνοῦ A (n)
ἔπιξα epixa (Attic ὄρνεα ornea birds)
ἐροῦντες erountes (Attic λέγοντες legontes the saying) (Attic erountes the ones who will say)
ἐρούα eroua walk and rest πορεύου,αναπαύου (cf. Homeric erôeô)
ἔστη estê (Attic στολή stolê, equipment, garment) (cf. esthês clothing)
ζάει zaei (Attic κινεῖ καὶ πνεῖ it moves and blows) (zaei binei, inire, coïre, of illicit intercourse)
θᾶτες thates or thutes manual labourers (Attic θῆτες thêtes) (see Timocracy)
θεῖον theiοn (Attic ἴγδιον igdion mortar) (Aristophanes θυεία thyeia igdion mortar)
θίβων thibôn (Koine thibis ark, basket) (Hebrew tēbhāh ark, from Egyptian tebt 'box')
θρόδαξ throdax (Attic θρίδαξ thridax lettuce)
θύα thua flavourings ἀρτύματα. Κύπριοι. ἔνιοι τὰ ἀρώματα. Καλλίμαχος (fr.564). Εὔπολις (fr. 108,2) τὰ πέμματα. λέγεται δὲ καὶ τὰ θυόμενα ταῖν θεαῖν
ἵγα higa shut up (Attic σιώπα siôpa) (Cretan iga)
ἱμονιά himonia strap (Attic ἵμας himas)
ἳν hin dat. and acc. of the old pers. Pron. hi (q.v.). in, Arc., Cypr., and Cret. for en (q.v.)^[12]
καλίνδινα kalindina intestines (Attic ἔντερα entera) (PIE: ghel-ond-, ghol-n•d- stomach; bowels) (Homeric cholades) (Macedonian gola)
καχίλα kachila flowers (Attic ἄνθη anthê)
κενεά (Attic ἀναδενδράδες anadendrades climbing vineyards) (Attic kena kenea vain
κίβισις kibisis bag (Attic πήρα pêra) (Aetolian kibba)
κίλλος killos morning cicada ( τέττιξ πρωϊνὸς tettix proinos) (Hesychius killos donkey)
Κινυράδαι Kinyradai priests of Aphrodite ἱερεῖς Ἀφροδίτης
κίρις kiris or kirris (cypriotic epithet for Adonis) (Laconian kirris λύχνος lychnos light, lamp)
κίτταρις kittaris Cypriot Diadem.Κίτταροι Kittaroi, the ones who wear it
κιχητός kichêtos the vessel or the substance where the censer(Attic libanôtos) is being dyed εἰς ὃ ἐμβάπτεται ὁ λιβανωτός
κυνύπισμα kunupisma drink from pomace (stemphyla), i.e. left-overs of pressed grapes.
λήνεα lênea or λείνα leina (Attic ἔρια eria wools)
μόψος mopsos 'stain on the clothes' (Attic kêlis κηλὶς ἡ ἐν τοῖς ἱματίοις) (Mopsus mythology) (Mopsopia old name of Attica and Attic tales of Euphorion of Chalcis)
μύθα mytha voice (Attic φωνή phonê mythos μυθέομαι mytheomai speak narrate)
μυλάσασθαι mulasasthai cleanse with oil (Attic σμήξασθαι smêxasthai σμήχω smêchô)
ὄλινοι olinoi sheaves of barley ὄλινοι κριθῆς δέσμαι. καὶ ὤλενος παρὰ Κυπρίοις
ὀρτός ortos (Attic βωμός bômos altar)
οὐάραι ouarai we (Attic ἡμεῖς hemeis)
οὔαρον ouaron olive oil (Attic ἔλαιον elaion)
οὖνον ounon or ounos road (Attic odos) (Koine dromos)
πέσσον pesson (Attic ὄρος mountain or χωρίον village)
πιλνόν pilnon (Attic φαιόν phaion obscure brown, πελιδνόν pelidnon livid (blue, green/ dark)
πρέπον prepon beast (Attic τέρας teras beast)(prepôn -ontos, a fish) (Attic prepon -ntos suitable)
Πυγμαίων Pygmaion Ἄδωνις Adonis
ῥύεινα rhueina lamb, accusative (Attic ἄρνα arna)(nom. rhuein, arên from Wrêna)
σί βόλε si bole? (Attic τί βούλει; ti boulei? what do you want?)
σίγυνον sigunon (Attic ἀκόντιον akontion spear)^[13]

Paphian

ἐπίκορον epicoron (Attic ἐπίκοπον epikopon) cutting, re-stamped coin (from keirô and koptô cut)
ἐς πόθ' ἕρπες es poth' herpes? (Attic πόθεν ἥκεις pothen hekeis? where do you come from?) (Attic ἕρπειν herpein to creep, to crawl, move slowly like a serpent
εὐτρόσσεσθαι eutrossesthai (Attic ἐπιστρέφεσθαι epistrephesthai return)
θόρανδε thorande (Attic ἔξω exo outside) θύρα thyra door
ἵγγια hingia one (Cypr. ingia) (εἷς heis) (Cretan itton hen one)
ἰμίτραιον imitraion (Hsch.ὑπόζωστον hypozoston under-girdle, rope of ship
ἰμπάταὁν impataon (Attic ἔμβλεψον emblepson look inside -imperative) (Hsch. inkapathaon enkatablepson)
κάβειος kabeios young (Attic νέος neos)
καβλή kablê (Koine μάνδαλος mandalos latch)
κακκέρσαι kakkersai (Attic κατακόψαι katakopsai to cut, slay) (kata + keirô cut)
καλέχεο kalecheo (Attic κατάκεισο katakeiso lay down -imperative) (Homeric λέχος lechos bed)
καπατάξεις kapataxeis (Attic κατακόψεις katakopseis you will cut, slay)
κάῤῥαξον karrhaxon (Attic κατάραξον kataraxon strike -imperative) (kata + arassô
κατέρεαι katereai (Atticκάθισαι kathisa sit)
κίβος kibos (Attic kibôtos ark or ἐνεός eneos speechless)
κιδνόν kidnon here (Attic ἐνθάδε enthade)
κόρζα korza or korzia heart ( Attic καρδία kardia ) ( Ionic kardiê )( Homeric kradiê ) ( Aeolic karza )
κύβος kubos saucer bowl dish (Attic τρύβλιον trublion) (Attic kubos cube)
λιμήν limên ἀγορά and (ἐνδιατριβή endiatribê delay, abide, stay) (Attic λιμήν limên port, harbour)
μοχοῖ mochoi inside (Attic ἐντός entos)(cf.muchos innermost part, nook, corner)
σάπιθος sapithos sacrifice (Attic θυσία thysia)
σάσαι sasai to sit (Attic καθίσαι kathisai) (cf. Poetic thassô sit, thôkos backless throne)
σές ses (Attic ἔλαθες elathes you were hidden, escaped notice see λανθάνω lanthano)
σίαἱ sihai to spit (Attic πτύσαι ptusai to spit, cast out)
σοάνα soana (Attic ἀξίνη axinê axe)
στροπά stropa (Attic ἀστραπή astrapê) (Homeric sterope, lightning flash)
ὕεσι huesi (Koine στολή stolê "garment", (Attic ἀμφίεσις amphiesis clothing, Hsch. ὑεστάκα huestaka)
Φάπη Phapê Παφία Paphia (Paphian Aphrodite)

References

^ Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.
^ ^a ^b van Beek 2022, pp. 174, 182–184, 190
^ Georgiadou, Anna (2015). "The Tablet of Idalion (ICS 217)". Kyprios Character. History, Archaeology & Numismatics of Ancient Cyprus.
^ Janko 2018, p. 116
^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.5.1 Archived 2008-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ John T Hooker, Mycenaean Greece (Routledge Revivals). Archived 2015-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Routledge, 2014 ISBN 1317751221 p164
^ Kypros, Salamis, c. 600 BC [1] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Kypros — Kourion ~320 BC [2] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Mortals and Immortals [3] Archived 2016-12-24 at the Wayback Machine by Jean-Pierre Vernant
^ Arkadia — Tegea — 4th century BC IG V,2 6 38 Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ Arkadia — Mantineia — stoichedon. — 5th century BC [4] Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ "LSJ". Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
^ Aristotle, Poetics, XXI [5] Archived 2007-12-19 at the Wayback Machine

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C. M. Bowra Homeric Words in Arcadian Inscriptions
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