Mentuhotep I

Mentuhotep I^[1]
Mentuhotep I
Montuhotep I, Mentuhotep-aa
	Sitting statue of Mentuhotep I from Elephantine, now in Cairo
Pharaoh
Reign	c. 2135 BC
Predecessor	Intef the Elder
Successor	Intef I
Horus name
Horus name
	Hor Tepia ; Ḥr.(w)-tp [j] ˁ ; Horus the ancestor
	;
	;
Nomen
Consort	Queen Neferu I
Children	Intef I ? Intef II ?
Father	possibly Intef the Elder
Dynasty	11th dynasty

Mentuhotep I (also Mentuhotep-aa, i.e. "the Great"^[3]) may have been a Theban nomarch and independent ruler of Upper Egypt during the early First Intermediate Period. Alternatively, Mentuhotep I may be a fictional figure created during the later Eleventh Dynasty, which rose to prominence under Intef II and Mentuhotep II, playing the role of a founding father.

Identity

Mentuhotep was possibly a local Egyptian nomarch at Thebes during the early first intermediate period, ca. 2135 BC. The Karnak king list found in the Festival Hall of Thutmose III preserves, in position No. 12, the partial name "Men-" in a royal cartouche, along with surviving parts of the Horus name, "the ancestor" next to it, making it distinct from those of Mentuhotep II (No. 29) or Mentuhotep III (No. 30). The available fragments of the Karnak list do not seem to represent past pharaohs in any chronological order, and thus one cannot ascertain if or when this "Men-" pharaoh lived. Many scholars have argued from the list that a Mentuhotep I, who might have been merely a Theban nomarch, was posthumously given a royal titulary by his successors; thus this conjectured personage is referred to conventionally as "Mentuhotep I".^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

The fact that no contemporary monument can safely be attributed to a king "Mentuhotep I" has led some Egyptologists to propose that either he was only a theban nomarch in life and was later posthumously promoted into a pharaoh or that he is a fictional ancestor and founder of the Eleventh dynasty, invented for that purpose during the later part of the dynasty to claim legitimacy.

Karnak king list showing the partial name "Men..." in a cartouche (No. 12).

On the base of a statue from the sanctuary of Heqaib on Elephantine, a Mentuhotep is referred to as "Father of the gods".^[8]^[9] This title probably refers to Mentuhotep's immediate successors, Intef I and Intef II who reigned as kings over Upper Egypt. From this title, many Egyptologists argued that this Mentuhotep was probably the father of Intef I and II,^[4]^[8]^[10] and also that he was never a pharaoh, as this title was usually reserved for the non-royal ancestors of pharaohs.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

The throne name of Mentuhotep is unknown; since he might not have been a king, or no subsequent 11th Dynasty king bore any throne name until Mentuhotep II, it is probable that he never had one. His Horus name Tepi-a, "The ancestor" was certainly given to him posthumously.^[11]

Family

Mentuhotep's wife might have been Neferu I and the statue from Heqaib may be interpreted to show that he was the father of Intef I and II. The Karnak king list has apparently one non-royal personage (without cartouche), named Intef, in position no. 13. This could possibly refer to Intef the elder, son of Iku, a Theban nomarch loyal to the Herakleopolitan kings in the early first intermediate period. However, the kings on the remaining fragments are not listed in chronological order, so this is not at all certain.

Reign

As Theban nomarch, Mentuhotep's dominion perhaps extended south to the first cataract. Mentuhotep might hypothetically have formed an alliance with the nomarch of Coptos, which then brought his successor Intef I to war with the Herakleopolitan kings of the 10th Dynasty ruling over Lower Egypt and their powerful nomarch allies in Middle Egypt, in particular Ankhtifi.

References

^ Annales du Service des Antiquités de l´Egypt Le Caire. Nr. 55, 1900, p. 178.
^ Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p72. 2006. ISBN 0-500-28628-0
^ Wolfram Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society, Duckworth Egyptology, London 2006, ISBN 978-0715634356, pp. 10–11
^ ^a ^b William C. Hayes, The Middle Kingdom in Egypt. Internal History from the Rise of the Heracleopolitans to the Death of Ammenemes III., in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I, part 2, Cambridge University Press, 1971, ISBN 0 521 077915, p. 476
^ ^a ^b Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Blackwell Books, 1992), p. 143.
^ ^a ^b Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 76–77.
^ ^a ^b Kim Ryholt, The Royal Canon of Turin, in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss and David A. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2006, ISBN 978 90 04 11385 5, p. 30.
^ ^a ^b ^c Labib Habachi: "God's fathers and the role they played in the history of the First Intermediate Period", ASAE 55, p. 167ff.
^ Labib Habachi: The Sanctuary of Hequaib, Mainz 1985, photos of the statue: vol. II, pp. 187-89.
^ Louise Gestermann: Kontinuität und Wandel in Politik und Verwaltung des frühen Mittleren Reiches in Ägypten, Wiesbaden 1987, p. 26.
^ The name is preserved only on an old drawing of Émile Prisse d'Avennes, see Habachi, Figure 4.

Preceded by As nomarch of Thebes: Intef the Elder	Pharaoh of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty	Succeeded by Intef I

[1] Annales du Service des Antiquités de l´Egypt Le Caire. Nr. 55, 1900, p. 178.

[2] Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p72. 2006. ISBN 0-500-28628-0

[3] Wolfram Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society, Duckworth Egyptology, London 2006, ISBN 978-0715634356, pp. 10–11

[cah-4] William C. Hayes, The Middle Kingdom in Egypt. Internal History from the Rise of the Heracleopolitans to the Death of Ammenemes III., in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. I, part 2, Cambridge University Press, 1971, ISBN 0 521 077915, p. 476

[grimal-5] Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Blackwell Books, 1992), p. 143.

[vb-6] Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 76–77.

[ryholt-7] Kim Ryholt, The Royal Canon of Turin, in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss and David A. Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2006, ISBN 978 90 04 11385 5, p. 30.

[godfather-8] Labib Habachi: "God's fathers and the role they played in the history of the First Intermediate Period", ASAE 55, p. 167ff.

[9] Labib Habachi: The Sanctuary of Hequaib, Mainz 1985, photos of the statue: vol. II, pp. 187-89.

[10] Louise Gestermann: Kontinuität und Wandel in Politik und Verwaltung des frühen Mittleren Reiches in Ägypten, Wiesbaden 1987, p. 26.

[11] The name is preserved only on an old drawing of Émile Prisse d'Avennes, see Habachi, Figure 4.

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