Hydrochoerus

Hydrochoerus; Temporal range: Pliocene - Recent; ~3.6–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	H. hydrochaeris with a cattle tyrant on its back
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Caviidae
Subfamily:	Hydrochoerinae
Genus:	Hydrochoerus; Brisson, 1762
Type species
	Sus hydrochaeris; Linnaeus, 1766
Species
	† H. ballesterensis; † H. gaylordi; † H. hesperotiganites; H. hydrochaeris; H. isthmius
	Ranges of capybara (green) and lesser capybara (red)

The genus Hydrochoerus contains two living and three extinct species of rodents from South America, the Caribbean island of Grenada, California and Panama.^[1] Capybaras are the largest living rodents in the world. The genus name is derived from the Greek ὕδωρ (hýdor) 'water' plus χοίρος (choíros) 'pig'.

Characteristics

Capybaras are semiaquatic, found in and near lakes, rivers, swamps, and flooded savanna. Their diets are dominated by grasses. Adults weigh up to 65 kg (143 lb). The gestation period is 130–150 days, with two to eight (most commonly four) young born to females.

Behavior

Capybaras are highly social, living in groups of up to 100 and communicating through a variety of vocalizations.^[2] Breeding is polygynous, with males forming harems.

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Molecular results have consistently suggested Hydrochoerus is most closely related to Kerodon (the rock cavies), and the two evolved from within the Caviidae.^[2] This led Woods and Kilpatrick to unite the two into the subfamily Hydrochoerinae within the Caviidae.^[1] Based on use of a molecular clock approach, Hydrochoerus appears to have diverged from Kerodon in the late Middle Miocene (about 12 million years ago).^[3]

The extinct North American species formerly recognized as Hydrochoerus holmesi is now assigned to Neochoerus.^[4]

Species

Extant Species

Genus **Hydrochoerus** – Brisson, 1762 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Capybara	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766)	South America	Size: Habitat: Diet:	LC
Lesser capybara	Hydrochoerus isthmius Goldman, 1912	eastern Panama, northwestern Colombia, and western Venezuela.	Size: Habitat: Diet:	DD

Fossils

† Hydrochoerus ballesterensis – Pliocene capybara endemic to Argentina^[5]
† Hydrochoerus gaylordi – Plio-Pleistocene capybara endemic to the Caribbean island of Grenada^[6]^[7]
† Hydrochoerus hesperotiganites – Late Pleistocene capybara endemic to North America (San Diego County, California)^[8]

Distribution

Presently, capybaras live in northern South America and adjacent southern Central America (lesser capybara) and in the tropical to subtropical regions of South America (capybara). The fossil species inhabited Buenos Aires Province in Argentina (H. ballesterensis) and the Caribbean island of Grenada (H. gaylordi). One species, H. hesperotiganites even ranged as far north as California.^[8] Fossils of unspecified Hydrochoerus have been found in Late Pleistocene to Holocene sediments of Curití, Santander, at an altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. Fauna found at the same site included the South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Cryptotis sp., collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), and Mazama sp.^[9]^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b Rowe and Honeycutt, 2002
^ Opazo, J. C. (2005-08-08). "A molecular timescale for Caviomorph rodents (Mammalia, Hystricognathi)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (3): 932–937. Bibcode:2005MolPE..37..932O. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.002. PMID 16085429.
^ "Neochoerus aesopi Leidy 1853 (caviomorph)". Fossilworks. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
^ Hydrochoerus ballesterensis Archived 2022-09-22 at the Wayback Machine at Fossilworks.org
^ MacPhee, R. D. E.; Singer, R.; Diamond, M. (2000). "Late Cenozoic land mammals from Grenada, Lesser Antillean island-arc". American Museum Novitates (3302): 1–20. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.526.7053. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2000)3302<0001:lclmfg>2.0.co;2. hdl:2246/2960. S2CID 53542296.
^ Hydrochoerus gaylordi Archived 2021-12-13 at the Wayback Machine at Fossilworks.org
^ ^a ^b White, R.; Mead, J.I.; Morgan, G.S.; Deméré, T.A. (2022). "A New Record of Capybara (Rodentia: Caviidae: Hydrochoerinae) from the Pleistocene of San Diego County, California with Remarks on Their Biogeography and Dispersal in the Pleistocene of Western North America". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 9 (1): 131–155. doi:10.18435/vamp29379. S2CID 247352090.
^ Curití, Santander at Fossilworks.org
^ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54

Bibliography

Hoffstetter, Robert (1971). "Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados" (PDF). Universidad Nacional de Colombia: 37–62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Rowe, D.L.; Honeycutt, R.L. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships, ecological correlates, and molecular evolution within the Cavioidea (Mammalia, Rodentia)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (3): 263–277. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004080. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 11861886.