Canary Islands

Canary Islands
*Canarias* (Spanish)
Canary Islands Canarias (Spanish)
Autonomous community of Spain and outermost region of the European Union
	; Flag ; Coat of arms
	Anthem: "Anthem of the Canaries";
	Location of the Canary Islands (red) within Spain
Country	Spain
Capital	Santa Cruz de Tenerife (executive and legislative) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (executive and judicial); 28°0′N 15°45′W / 28.000°N 15.750°W
Largest city	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Demonym(s)	Canarian; canario/-a (Spanish)
Area
• Total	7,493 km2 (2,893 sq mi) (1.88% of Spain; 13th)
Population
• 2021 estimate	2,172,944 (8th)
• Density	290/km2 (751.1/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	€49.020 billion
• Per capita	€22,303
Time zone	UTC (WET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (WEST)
ISO 3166 code	IC; ES-CN;
Most populated island	Tenerife
Official language	Spanish
Statute of Autonomy	7 November 2018
Parliament	Canarian Parliament
Congress seats	15 (of 350)
Senate seats	14 (of 265)
HDI (2021)	0.871; very high * 15th
Website	www.gobiernodecanarias.org/principal/

The Canary Islands (/kəˈnɛəri/, Spanish: Canarias, Spanish: [kaˈnaɾjas]), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are 100 kilometres (62 miles) west of Morocco and the Western Sahara. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union.^[5]^[6]

The seven main islands are, from largest to smallest in area, Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, and El Hierro. The only other populated island is La Graciosa, which administratively is dependent on Lanzarote. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as "the Fortunate Isles".^[7] The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia.^[8] Because of their location, the Canary Islands have historically been considered a link between the four continents of Africa, North America, South America, and Europe.^[9]

In 2023, the Canary Islands had a population of 2,236,013,^[10] with a density of 299 inhabitants per km², making it the seventh most populous autonomous community of Spain. The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands: around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria.

The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 16 million visitors in 2023.^[11] This is due to their beaches, subtropical climate, and important natural attractions, especially Maspalomas in Gran Canaria and Mount Teide, a World Heritage Site in Tenerife. Mount Teide is the highest peak in Spain and the 3rd tallest volcano in the world, measured from its base on the ocean floor.^[12] The islands have warm summers and winters warm enough for the climate to be technically tropical at sea level.^[13] The amount of precipitation and the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and elevation. The archipelago includes green areas as well as semi-desert. The islands' high mountains are ideal for astronomical observation, because they lie above the temperature inversion layer. As a result, the archipelago has two professional astronomical observatories: the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma.^[14]

In 1927, the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces. In 1982, the autonomous community of the Canary Islands was established. The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are, jointly, the capitals of the islands.^[15]^[16]^[17] Those cities are also, respectively, the capitals of the provinces of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, except for a brief period in the 1910s.^[18] Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927, Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927, it was ordered by decree that the capital of the Canary Islands would be shared between two cities, and this arrangement persists to the present day.^[16]^[19] The third largest city in the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna, another World Heritage Site on Tenerife.^[20]^[21]^[22]

During the Age of Sail, the islands were the main stopover for Spanish galleons during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, which sailed that far south in order to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds.^[23]^[24]

Etymology

The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning "Islands of the Dogs", perhaps because monk seals or sea dogs were abundant, a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands, Canaria – presumably Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder, the island Canaria contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size".^[25] The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms.

Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii, though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs.^[26]

The name of the islands is not derived from the canary bird; rather, the birds are named after the islands.

Islands

From west to east, the Canary Islands are El Hierro, La Palma, La Gomera, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, Lanzarote, and La Graciosa. North of Lanzarote are the islets of Montaña Clara, Alegranza, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste, belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago. Northeast of Fuerteventura is the islet of Lobos. There are a series of small adjacent rocks in the Canary Islands: the Roques de Anaga, Garachico and Fasnia in Tenerife, and Salmor and Bonanza in El Hierro.

El Hierro

El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km² (103.75 sq mi). It is the second smallest of the major islands, and the least populous with 10,798 inhabitants. The whole island was declared a Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde. Also known as Ferro, it was once the westernmost known land in the world. Ancient European geographers such as Ptolemy recognised the island as the prime meridian of longitude. That remained so until the 19th century, when it was displaced by the one passing through Greenwich.^[27]^[28]

Fuerteventura

Barranco de Pecenescal – Fuerteventura

Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km² (640 sq mi), is the second largest island of the archipelago. It has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. It is the oldest of the islands being more eroded. Its highest point is the Peak of the Bramble, at a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del Rosario.

Gran Canaria

Gran Canaria has 846,717 inhabitants. The capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, with 377,203 inhabitants, is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km² (600 sq mi). Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet) and Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet) are located in the center of the island. On the south of the island are the Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria).

La Gomera

La Gomera (informally known as 'Isla Colombina') has an area of 369.76 km² (142.77 sq mi) and is the second least populous island with 21,136 inhabitants. It has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO. Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera. Garajonay National Park is located on the island.

Lanzarote

Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the oldest of the archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It has a surface of 845.94 km² (326.62 sq mi), and a population of 149,183 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife, with 56,834 inhabitants.

Chinijo Archipelago

The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa, Alegranza, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. It has a surface of 40.8 km² (15.8 sq mi), and only La Graciosa is populated, with 658 inhabitants. With 29 km² (11 sq mi), La Graciosa is the largest island of the Chinijo Archipelago and the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries.

La Palma

La Palma, with 81,863 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km² (273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. For long it showed no signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. On 19 September 2021, the volcanic Cumbre Vieja on the island erupted.^[29] It is the second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos at 2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as its highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma, known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz", is its capital.

Tenerife

Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km² (785 sq mi), the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. With 904,713 inhabitants, it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: the capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, a World Heritage Site. San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the second city of the island, is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the University of La Laguna. Teide, with its 3,715 metres (12,188 feet) is the highest peak of Spain and a World Heritage Site. Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977.

La Graciosa

Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain, located 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río. It was formed by the Canary hotspot. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo). It is administered by the municipality of Teguise. In 2018, La Graciosa was declared as the eighth Canary Island by the Spanish Senate,^[30]^[31]^[32] though it is not recognized as such by the Canarian administration. It is administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote. It is the smallest and least populated of the main islands, with about 700 people.

Data

Flag	Coat of arms	Island	Capital	Area (km²)	Population (2010)	Population Density (people/km²)
		El Hierro	Valverde	268.71	10,960	40.79
		Fuerteventura	Puerto del Rosario	1,660	103,492	62.34
		Gran Canaria	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria	1,560.1	845,676	542.07
		La Gomera	San Sebastián	369.76	22,776	61.6
		Lanzarote	Arrecife	845.94	141,437	167.2
		La Palma	Santa Cruz de La Palma	708.32	86,324	121.87
		Tenerife	Santa Cruz de Tenerife	2,034.38	906,854	445.76
–	–	La Graciosa	Caleta de Sebo	29.05	658	22.65
–	–	Alegranza	–	10.3	–	–
–	–	Isla de Lobos	–	4.5	–	–
–	–	Montaña Clara	–	1.48	–	–
–	–	Roque del Este	–	0.06	–	–
–	–	Roque del Oeste	–	0.015	–	–

Physical geography

A panoramic view of Gran Canaria, with Roque Nublo at the left and Roque Bentayga at the center

Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago. Gran Canaria, with 865,070 inhabitants, is both the Canary Islands' second most populous island, and the third most populous one in Spain after Tenerife (966,354 inhabitants) and Majorca (896,038 inhabitants).^{[citation needed]} The island of Fuerteventura is the second largest in the archipelago and located 100 km (62 mi) from the African coast.

The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles.^[33] The Canary Islands is the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region.^[8] The archipelago has seven large and several smaller islands, all of which are volcanic in origin.^[34]

According to the position of the islands with respect to the north-east trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species form laurisilva forests.

The individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct microclimates. Those islands such as El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a climate which is influenced by the moist Canary Current. They are well vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub-tropical laurisilva forest. Travelling east toward the African coast, the influence of the current diminishes, and the islands become increasingly arid. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the islands which are closest to the African mainland, are effectively desert or semi-desert.

Gran Canaria is known as a "continent in miniature" for its diverse landscapes like Maspalomas and Roque Nublo. The north of Tenerife lies under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated. The south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de las Américas and Los Cristianos is arid. The island rises to almost 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level. At altitude, in the cool relatively wet climate, forests of the endemic pine Pinus canariensis thrive. Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands, like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree, Dracaena draco are endemic, as noted by Sabin Berthelot and Philip Barker Webb in their work, L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries (1835–50).^[35]

Climate

The climate is warm subtropical/tropical and generally arid, moderated by the sea and in summer by the trade winds.^[36] There are a number of microclimates and the classifications range mainly from semi-desert to desert. The majority of the Canary Islands have a hot desert climate (BWh) and a hot semi-desert climate (BSh) within the Köppen system, caused partly due to the cool Canary Current.^[37] A subtropical humid climate, which is very influenced by the ocean, is in the middle of the islands of La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma, where laurisilva cloud forests grow.^[38]

Climate data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife 35m (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	21.0 (69.8)	21.2 (70.2)	22.1 (71.8)	22.7 (72.9)	24.1 (75.4)	26.2 (79.2)	28.7 (83.7)	29.0 (84.2)	28.1 (82.6)	26.3 (79.3)	24.1 (75.4)	22.1 (71.8)	24.6 (76.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	18.2 (64.8)	18.3 (64.9)	19.0 (66.2)	19.7 (67.5)	21.0 (69.8)	22.9 (73.2)	25.0 (77.0)	25.5 (77.9)	24.9 (76.8)	23.4 (74.1)	21.3 (70.3)	19.4 (66.9)	21.5 (70.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	15.4 (59.7)	15.3 (59.5)	15.9 (60.6)	16.5 (61.7)	17.8 (64.0)	19.5 (67.1)	21.2 (70.2)	21.9 (71.4)	21.7 (71.1)	20.3 (68.5)	18.4 (65.1)	16.6 (61.9)	18.4 (65.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	31.5 (1.24)	35.4 (1.39)	37.8 (1.49)	11.6 (0.46)	3.6 (0.14)	0.9 (0.04)	0.1 (0.00)	2.0 (0.08)	6.8 (0.27)	18.7 (0.74)	34.1 (1.34)	43.2 (1.70)	225.7 (8.89)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	8.0	7.2	6.9	5.5	2.9	0.9	0.2	0.8	2.7	6.1	8.8	9.4	59.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours	178	186	221	237	282	306	337	319	253	222	178	168	2,887
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología^[39]

Climate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	20.8 (69.4)	21.2 (70.2)	22.3 (72.1)	22.6 (72.7)	23.6 (74.5)	25.3 (77.5)	26.9 (80.4)	27.5 (81.5)	27.2 (81.0)	26.2 (79.2)	24.2 (75.6)	22.2 (72.0)	24.2 (75.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	18.1 (64.6)	18.4 (65.1)	19.3 (66.7)	19.5 (67.1)	20.5 (68.9)	22.2 (72.0)	23.8 (74.8)	24.6 (76.3)	24.3 (75.7)	23.1 (73.6)	21.2 (70.2)	19.3 (66.7)	21.2 (70.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	15.3 (59.5)	15.6 (60.1)	16.2 (61.2)	16.3 (61.3)	17.3 (63.1)	19.2 (66.6)	20.8 (69.4)	21.6 (70.9)	21.4 (70.5)	20.1 (68.2)	18.1 (64.6)	16.5 (61.7)	18.2 (64.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	25 (1.0)	24 (0.9)	13 (0.5)	6 (0.2)	1 (0.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	9 (0.4)	16 (0.6)	22 (0.9)	31 (1.2)	151 (5.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	3	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	2	4	5	22
Mean monthly sunshine hours	184	191	229	228	272	284	308	300	241	220	185	179	2,821
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),^[40] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología^[41]

Climate data for San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1981–2010) 632 m – Tenerife North Airport
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	16.0 (60.8)	16.7 (62.1)	18.2 (64.8)	18.5 (65.3)	20.1 (68.2)	22.2 (72.0)	24.7 (76.5)	25.7 (78.3)	24.9 (76.8)	22.5 (72.5)	19.7 (67.5)	17.1 (62.8)	20.5 (68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	13.1 (55.6)	13.4 (56.1)	14.5 (58.1)	14.7 (58.5)	16.1 (61.0)	18.1 (64.6)	20.2 (68.4)	21.2 (70.2)	20.7 (69.3)	18.9 (66.0)	16.5 (61.7)	14.3 (57.7)	16.8 (62.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	10.2 (50.4)	10.0 (50.0)	10.7 (51.3)	10.9 (51.6)	12.0 (53.6)	14.0 (57.2)	15.7 (60.3)	16.6 (61.9)	16.5 (61.7)	15.2 (59.4)	13.3 (55.9)	11.5 (52.7)	13.0 (55.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	80 (3.1)	70 (2.8)	61 (2.4)	39 (1.5)	19 (0.7)	11 (0.4)	6 (0.2)	5 (0.2)	16 (0.6)	47 (1.9)	81 (3.2)	82 (3.2)	517 (20.2)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	11	10	10	10	7	4	3	3	5	10	10	12	95
Mean monthly sunshine hours	150	168	188	203	234	237	262	269	213	194	155	137	2,410
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología^[42]

Climate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	21.7 (71.1)	22.0 (71.6)	23.1 (73.6)	23.1 (73.6)	23.9 (75.0)	25.4 (77.7)	27.7 (81.9)	28.4 (83.1)	27.9 (82.2)	26.8 (80.2)	24.8 (76.6)	22.8 (73.0)	24.8 (76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	18.4 (65.1)	18.5 (65.3)	19.3 (66.7)	19.5 (67.1)	20.4 (68.7)	22.1 (71.8)	24.0 (75.2)	24.7 (76.5)	24.5 (76.1)	23.4 (74.1)	21.5 (70.7)	19.7 (67.5)	21.4 (70.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	15.2 (59.4)	15.0 (59.0)	15.6 (60.1)	16.0 (60.8)	17.0 (62.6)	18.8 (65.8)	20.2 (68.4)	21.1 (70.0)	21.1 (70.0)	20.0 (68.0)	18.2 (64.8)	16.5 (61.7)	17.9 (64.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	16.6 (0.65)	19.9 (0.78)	14.7 (0.58)	7.4 (0.29)	1.1 (0.04)	0.1 (0.00)	0.1 (0.00)	1.3 (0.05)	3.6 (0.14)	11.9 (0.47)	26.3 (1.04)	30.3 (1.19)	133.3 (5.23)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)	1.8	2.2	1.9	1.1	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.6	1.6	1.9	3.5	15.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours	193	195	226	219	246	259	295	277	213	214	193	195	2,725
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología^[41]

Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m (1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	20.6 (69.1)	20.7 (69.3)	21.2 (70.2)	21.6 (70.9)	22.6 (72.7)	24.1 (75.4)	25.5 (77.9)	26.3 (79.3)	26.6 (79.9)	25.5 (77.9)	23.5 (74.3)	21.8 (71.2)	23.3 (74.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	18.1 (64.6)	18.0 (64.4)	18.5 (65.3)	18.9 (66.0)	20.0 (68.0)	21.7 (71.1)	23.1 (73.6)	23.9 (75.0)	24.0 (75.2)	22.8 (73.0)	20.9 (69.6)	19.3 (66.7)	20.8 (69.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	15.5 (59.9)	15.3 (59.5)	15.7 (60.3)	16.2 (61.2)	17.4 (63.3)	19.2 (66.6)	20.7 (69.3)	21.4 (70.5)	21.3 (70.3)	20.2 (68.4)	18.3 (64.9)	16.7 (62.1)	18.2 (64.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	49 (1.9)	57 (2.2)	33 (1.3)	19 (0.7)	7 (0.3)	2 (0.1)	1 (0.0)	1 (0.0)	12 (0.5)	41 (1.6)	70 (2.8)	80 (3.1)	372 (14.5)
Average rainy days	5	4	4	3	1	0	0	0	2	5	7	8	40
Mean monthly sunshine hours	141	146	177	174	192	188	222	209	187	175	140	138	2,106
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología^[43]

Geology

The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets were originally volcanic islands, formed by the Canary hotspot.^[44] The Canary Islands is the only place in Spain where volcanic eruptions have been recorded during the Modern Era, with some volcanoes still active (El Hierro, 2011).^[45] Volcanic islands such as those in the Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic debris avalanches and landslides.^[46] The island chain's most recent eruption occurred at Cumbre Vieja, a volcanic ridge on La Palma, in 2021.^[47]

The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island.^[48] All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years. Four of them, Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro, have historical records of eruptions since European discovery.^[49] The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism began during the Cretaceous, and continued to the present day. The current islands reached the ocean's surface during the Miocene. The islands were once considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which is part of the larger African Alpine System division, but are now recognized as being related to a magmatic hot spot.^[50]

In the summer of 2011, a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast–southwest. In October a submarine eruption occurred about 2 km (1+1⁄4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported.^[51]

The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands:

Mountain	Elevation		Island
Mountain	m	ft	Island
Teide	3,715	12,188	Tenerife
Roque de los Muchachos	2,426	7,959	La Palma
Pico de las Nieves	1,949	6,394	Gran Canaria
Pico de Malpaso	1,501	4,925	El Hierro
Garajonay	1,487	4,879	La Gomera
Pico de la Zarza	812	2,664	Fuerteventura
Peñas del Chache	670	2,200	Lanzarote
Aguja Grande	266	873	La Graciosa
Caldera de Alegranza	289	948	Alegranza
Caldera de Lobos	126	413	Lobos
La Mariana	256	840	Montaña Clara

Natural symbols

The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird Serinus canaria (canary) and the Phoenix canariensis palm.^[56]

Phoenix canariensis
Serinus canaria

National parks

Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. Two of these have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the other two are part of Biosphere Reserves. The parks are:^[57]

Park	Island	Area	Year of Designation	UNESCO Status
Caldera de Taburiente National Park	La Palma	46.9 km² (18.1 sq mi)	1954	Part of the La Palma Biosphere Reserve since 2002
Garajonay National Park	La Gomera	39.86 km² (15.39 sq mi)	1981	World Heritage Site since 1986
Teide National Park	Tenerife	189.9 km² (73.3 sq mi)	1954	World Heritage Site since 2007
Timanfaya National Park	Lanzarote	51.07 km² (19.72 sq mi)	1974	Part of the Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve since 1993

Teide National Park is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain. Located in the geographic centre of the island of Tenerife, it is the most visited national park in Spain. In 2010, it became the most visited national park in Europe and second worldwide.^[52]^[53] The park's highlight is the Teide volcano. Standing at an altitude of 3,715 metres (12,188 ft),^[58] it is the highest elevation in Spain and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base. In 2007, the Teide National Park was declared one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

Politics

Governance

The regional executive body, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, is presided over by Fernando Clavijo Batlle (Canarian Coalition), the current President of the Canary Islands. The members of the regional legislature, the Parliament of the Canary Islands, has 70 elected legislators. The last regional election took place in May 2023.

The islands have 14 seats in the Spanish Senate. Of these, 11 seats are directly elected, 3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, and 1 each for Lanzarote (including La Graciosa), Fuerteventura, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. The other 3 are appointed by the regional legislature.^[59]

Political geography

The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands has two provinces (provincias), Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, are capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands are ruled by an island council named a Cabildo Insular. Each island is subdivided into smaller municipalities (municipios). Las Palmas is divided into 34 municipalities, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is divided into 54 municipalities.^[60]

The international boundary of the Canaries is disputed in Morocco-Spain relations. In 2022 the UN declared the Canary Island's territorial waters as being Moroccan coast and Morocco has authorised gas and oil exploration in what the Canary Islands states to be Canarian territorial waters and Western Sahara waters.^[61] Morocco's official position is that international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, since the Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy, as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community, with equal status to the European ones. Under the Law of the Sea, the only islands not granted territorial waters or an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation, or do not have an economic life of their own, which is not the case of the Canary Islands.^[62]

Canarian nationalism

There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands. Their popular support is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares.^{[citation needed]} In a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (53.8%) considered themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 24% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. 6.1% of the respondents considered themselves only Canarian, and 7% considered themselves only Spanish.^[63]

Defense

The defense of the territory is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces. Components of the Army, Navy, Air Force and the Civil Guard are based in the territory.

History

Ancient and pre-Hispanic times

Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals including the giant lizard (Gallotia goliath), the Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats,^[64] and giant tortoises, Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica.

Although the original settlement of what are now called the Canary Islands is not entirely clear, linguistic, genetic, and archaeological analyses indicate that indigenous peoples were living on the Canary Islands at least 2,000 years ago, possibly 3,000, and that they shared a common origin with the Berbers on the nearby North African coast.^[65]^[66]^[67] Reaching the islands may have taken place using several small boats, landing on the easternmost islands Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. These groups came to be known collectively as the Guanches, although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife.^[68]

According to a 2024 study by the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, there is archaeological evidence that the Romans were the first to colonise the islands, during the period from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE. There was no overlap with the occupation by the people who were inhabiting the islands at the time of the Spanish conquest, who had first arrived sometime between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE.^[69]^[70]

A selection of artefacts unearthed from the Lomo de los Gatos site on Gran Canaria

As José Farrujia describes, 'The indigenous Canarians lived mainly in natural caves, usually near the coast, 300 to 500 metres (1,000 to 1,600 ft) above sea level. These caves were sometimes isolated but more commonly formed settlements, with burial caves nearby'.^[71] Archaeological work has uncovered a rich culture visible through artefacts of ceramics, human figures, fishing, hunting and farming tools, plant fibre clothing and vessels, as well as cave paintings. At Lomo de los Gatos on Gran Canaria, a site occupied from 1,600 years ago up until the 1960s, round stone houses, complex burial sites, and associated artefacts have been found.^[72] Across the islands are thousands of Libyco-Berber alphabet inscriptions scattered and they have been extensively documented by many linguists.^[73]^[74]

The social structure of indigenous Canarians encompassed "a system of matrilineal descent in most of the islands, in which inheritance was passed on via the female line. Social status and wealth were hereditary and determined the individual's position in the social pyramid, which consisted of the king, the relatives of the king, the lower nobility, villeins, plebeians, and finally executioners, butchers, embalmers, and prisoners". Their religion was animist, centring on the sun and moon, as well as natural features such as mountains.^[71]

Exploration

The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Carthaginians. King Juba II, Caesar Augustus's Numidian protégé, is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world. According to Pliny the Elder, Juba found the islands uninhabited, but found "a small temple of stone" and "some traces of buildings".^[75] Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early first century AD.^[76] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base.^{[citation needed]}

The names given by Romans to the individual islands were Ninguaria or Nivaria (Tenerife), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Pluvialia or Invale (Lanzarote), Ombrion (La Palma), Planasia (Fuerteventura), Iunonia or Junonia (El Hierro) and Capraria (La Gomera).^[77]

From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Majorca, Portugal, and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Majorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400.

Castilian conquest

In 1402, the Castilian colonisation of the islands began with the expedition of the French explorers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle, nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile, to Lanzarote. From there, they went on to conquer Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. These invasions were "brutal cultural and military clashes between the indigenous population and the Castilians" lasting over a century due to formidable resistance by indigenous Canarians.^[66] Professor Mohamed Adhikari has defined the conquest of the islands as a genocide of the Guanches.^[78]^[79]

Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord. It was not a simple military enterprise, given the aboriginal resistance on some islands. Neither was it politically, since the particular interests of the nobility (determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands) conflicted with those of the states, particularly Castile, which were in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the crown against the nobility.^[80]^{[page needed]}

Alonso Fernández de Lugo presenting the captured native Guanche kings of Tenerife to the Catholic Monarchs

Historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands:

Aristocratic conquest (conquista señorial): This refers to the early conquests carried out by the nobility, for their own benefit and without the direct participation of the Crown of Castile, which merely granted rights of conquest in exchange for pacts of vassalage between the noble conqueror and the Crown. One can identify within this period an early phase known as the Betancurian or Norman conquest, carried out by Jean de Bethencourt (who was originally from Normandy) and Gadifer de la Salle between 1402 and 1405, which involved the islands of Lanzarote, El Hierro, and Fuerteventura. The subsequent phase is known as the Castilian conquest, carried out by Castilian nobles who acquired, through purchases, assignments and marriages, the previously conquered islands and also incorporated the island of La Gomera around 1450.

Royal conquest (conquista realenga): This defines the conquest between 1478 and 1496, carried out directly by the Crown of Castile, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, who armed and partly financed the conquest of those islands which were still unconquered: Gran Canaria, La Palma and Tenerife. This phase of the conquest came to an end in the year 1496, with the dominion of the island of Tenerife, bringing the entire Canarian Archipelago under the control of the Crown of Castile.

Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was fully conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448, Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator, an action that was accepted by neither the natives nor the Castilians. Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary Islands were under Portuguese control, the crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. In 1479, Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which settled disputes between Castile and Portugal over the control of the Atlantic. This treaty recognized Castilian control of the Canary Islands but also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape Verde islands, and gave the Portuguese rights to any further islands or lands in the Atlantic that might be discovered.

The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not achieve complete control until 1496, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. As a result of this "the native pre-Hispanic population declined quickly due to war, epidemics, and slavery".^[81] The Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.

After the conquest and the introduction of slavery

After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane; then wine, an important item of trade with England. Gran Canaria was conquered by the Crown of Castile on 6 March 1480, and Tenerife was conquered in 1496, and each had its own governor. There has been speculation that the abundance of Roccella tinctoria on the Canary Islands offered a profit motive for Jean de Béthencourt during his conquest of the islands. Lichen has been used for centuries to make dyes. This includes royal purple colors derived from R. tinctoria, also known as orseille.^[82]

The objective of the Spanish Crown to convert the islands into a powerhouse of cultivation required a much larger labour force. This was attained through a brutal practice of enslavement, not only of indigenous Canarians but large numbers of Africans who were forcibly taken from North and Sub-Saharan Africa.^[83] Whilst the first slave plantations in the Atlantic region were across Madeira, Cape Verde, and the Canary Islands, it was only the Canary Islands which had an indigenous population and were therefore invaded rather than newly occupied.^[84]

This agriculture industry was largely based on sugarcane and the Castilians converted large swaths of the landscape for sugarcane production, and the processing and manufacturing of sugar, facilitated by enslaved labourers.^[85] The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria became a stopping point for the Spanish traders, as well as conquistadors, and missionaries on their way to the New World. This trade route brought great wealth to the Castilian social sectors of the islands and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe. As the wealth grew, enslaved African workers were also forced into demeaning domestic roles for the rich Castilians on the islands such as servants in their houses.^[86]

Research on the skeletons of some of these enslaved workers from the burial site of Finca Clavijo on Gran Canaria have showed that 'all of the adults buried in Finca Clavijo undertook extensive physical activity that involved significant stress on the spine and appendicular skeleton' that result from relentless hard labour, akin to the physical abnormalities found with enslaved peoples from other sugarcane plantations around the world.^[81] These findings of the physical strain that the enslaved at Finca Clavijo were subjected to in order to provide wealth for the Spanish elite has inspired a poem by British writer Ralph Hoyte, entitled Close to the Bone.^[87]

As a result of the huge wealth generated, magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century. Civilian architecture survives in forms such as Casas de los Sánchez-Ochando or Casa Quintana.

The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers. Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585.

The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch Revolt. A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der Does, attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite, near the city.

The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. Three hundred Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas, on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew.

In 1618 the Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves.^[88] Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm.

18th to 19th century

The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's Caribbean colonies. Low sugar prices in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal (cochinilla), came into cultivation during this time, reinvigorating the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and rum were sold in American ports such as Veracruz, Campeche, La Guaira and Havana, among others.^[89]

By the end of the 18th century, Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories, such as Havana, Veracruz, and Santo Domingo,^[90] San Antonio, Texas^[91] and St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.^[92]^[93] These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration during the 19th and first half of the 20th century, primarily to the Americas. Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela. Also, thousands of Canarians moved to Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of Spain. Deeply entrenched traditions, such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of Hatillo, Puerto Rico, are an example of Canarian culture still preserved in Puerto Rico. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba.^[94] During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American attack, but no such event took place.

Romantic period and scientific expeditions

Sirera and Renn (2004)^[95] distinguish two different types of expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they term "the Romantic period":

First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the following travellers:

J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt. Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions.
Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands.
Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide
the Baudin-Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects.

The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among these, the key exponents were the following:

Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase".

Early 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes.

30 November 1833 the Province of Canary Islands had been created with the capital being declared as Santa Cruz de Tenerife.^[96] The rivalry between the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces on 23 September 1927.^[97]

During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, Marxist and anarchist workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organisations were a minority and fell easily to Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War.

Franco regime

In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War. Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe.^[98]

During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base, in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland.^[99]^{[Note 1]} The planned operation was known as Operation Pilgrim.^[100]

Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist parties.

During the Ifni War, the Franco regime set up concentration camps on the islands to extrajudicially imprison those in Western Sahara suspected of disloyalty to Spain, many of whom were colonial troops recruited on the spot but were later deemed to be potential fifth columnists and deported to the Canary Islands. These camps were characterised by the use of forced labour for infrastructure projects and highly unsanitary conditions resulting in the widespread occurrence of tuberculosis.^[101]

Self-governance

After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria, the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement, and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule.^[102]

After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982, with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won.^[103]

Capitals

At present, the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain that has two capitals: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, since the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands [es] was created in 1982.^[16]^[17]

The political capital of the archipelago did not exist as such until the nineteenth century. The first cities founded by the Europeans at the time of the conquest of the Canary Islands in the 15th century were: Telde (in Gran Canaria), San Marcial del Rubicón (in Lanzarote) and Betancuria (in Fuerteventura). These cities boasted the first European institutions present in the archipelago, including Catholic bishoprics.^[104] Although, because the period of splendor of these cities developed before the total conquest of the archipelago and its incorporation into the Crown of Castile never had a political and real control of the entire Canary archipelago.

The function of a Canarian city with full jurisdiction for the entire archipelago only exists after the conquest of the Canary Islands, although originally de facto, that is, without legal and real meaning and linked to the headquarters of the Canary Islands General Captaincy.

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was the first city that exercised this function. This is because the residence of the Captain General of the Canary Islands was in this city during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.^[105] In May 1661, the Captain General of the Canary Islands, Jerónimo de Benavente y Quiñones, moved the headquarters of the captaincy to the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna on the island of Tenerife.^[106] This was due to the fact that this island since the conquest was the most populated, productive and with the highest economic expectations.^[107] La Laguna would be considered the de facto capital of the archipelago^[108] until the official status of the capital of Canary Islands in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was confirmed in the 19th century, due in part to the constant controversies and rivalries between the bourgeoisies of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for the economic, political and institutional hegemony of the archipelago.^[109]

Already in 1723, the Captain General of the Canary Islands Lorenzo Fernandez de Villavicencio had moved the headquarters of the General Captaincy of the Canary Islands from San Cristóbal de La Laguna to Santa Cruz de Tenerife. This decision continued without pleasing the society of the island of Gran Canaria.^[110] It would be after the creation of the Province of Canary Islands in November 1833 in which Santa Cruz would become the first fully official capital of the Canary Islands (De jure and not of de facto as happened previously).^[16]^[19] Santa Cruz de Tenerife would be the capital of the Canary archipelago until during the Government of General Primo de Rivera in 1927 the Province of Canary Islands was split in two provinces: Las Palmas with capital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife with capital in the homonymous city.

Finally, with the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands in 1982 and the creation of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, the capital of the archipelago between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is fixed, which is how it remains today.

Demographics

Population history^[111]
Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1768	155,763	—
1787	168,928	+0.43%
1797	173,865	+0.29%
1842	241,266	+0.73%
1860	237,036	−0.10%
1887	301,983	+0.90%
1900	364,408	+1.46%
1920	488,483	+1.48%
1940	687,937	+1.73%
1960	966,177	+1.71%
1974	1,229,259	+1.74%
1981	1,367,646	+1.54%
1990	1,589,403	+1.68%
2000	1,716,276	+0.77%
2010	2,118,519	+2.13%
2015^[112]	2,128,647	+0.10%
2020	2,244,369	+1.06%
2021	2,185,693	−2.61%
2022	2,212,018	+1.20%
2023	2,236,013	+1.08%

The Canary Islands have a population of 2,153,389 inhabitants (2019), making it the eighth most populous of Spain's autonomous communities.^[3] The total area of the archipelago is 7,493 km² (2,893 sq mi),^[113] resulting in a population density of 287.4 inhabitants per square kilometre.

The population of the islands according to the 2019 data are:^[3]

Tenerife – 917,841
Gran Canaria – 851,231
Lanzarote – 152,289 (including the population of La Graciosa)
Fuerteventura – 116,886
La Palma – 82,671
La Gomera – 21,503
El Hierro – 10,968

The Canary Islands have become home to many European residents, mainly coming from Italy, Germany and the UK. Because of the vast immigration to Venezuela and Cuba during the second half of the 20th century and the later return to the Canary Islands of these people along with their families, there are many residents whose country of origin was Venezuela (66,593) or Cuba (41,807). Since the 1990s, many illegal migrants have reached the Canary Islands, Melilla and Ceuta, using them as entry points to the EU.^[114]^[115]^[116]

Population of the Canary Islands 2019
Birthplace	Population	Percent
Canary Islands	1,553,517	72.1
Rest of Spain	176,302	8.2
Total, Spain	1,735,457	80.6
Foreign-born	417,932	19.4
Americas	201,257	9.3
Venezuela	66,573	–
Cuba	41,792	–
Colombia	31,361	–
Argentina	17,429	–
Uruguay	8,687	–
Rest of Europe	154,511	7.2
Italy	39,469	–
Germany	25,921	–
United Kingdom	25,339	–
Africa	38,768	1.8
Morocco	24,268	–
Asia	23,082	1.1
China	9,848	–
India	5,766	–
Oceania	314	0.0
Total	2,153,389	100.0
Source^[115]^[117]

Religion

The Catholic Church has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands. There are also several other religious communities.

Roman Catholic Church

The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic (76.7%)^[118] with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants.

The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur^[119] and José de Anchieta.^[120] Both born on the island of Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil.

The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop:

Diócesis Canariense: Includes the islands of the Eastern Province: Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicón (1404) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1483–present). There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde, but it was later abolished.
Diócesis Nivariense: Includes the islands of the western province: Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Its capital is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1819–present).

Other religions

Separate from the overwhelming Catholic majority are a minority of Muslims.^[121] Among the followers of Islam, the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community.^[122] For its part, there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago.

Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism.^[121] Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion.^[121] Also present are Buddhism,^[121] Judaism,^[121] Baháʼí,^[121] African religion,^[121] and Chinese religions.^[121]

Statistics

The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows:^[123]

Catholic 84.9%
Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3%
Other religions 1.7%

Population genetics

Economy and environment

**Tourism in the Canary Islands**^[124]
Year	Visitors
2023	16,000,000.^[11]
2009 (Jan–Jun)	4,002,013
2008	9,210,509
2007	9,326,116
2006	9,530,039
2005	9,276,963
2004	9,427,265
2003	9,836,785
2002	9,778,512
2001	10,137,205
2000	9,975,977
1993	6,545,396
Largest by Country (2008)	Population
Germany	2,498,847
United Kingdom	3,355,942

The economy is based primarily on tourism, which makes up 32% of the GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cochineal, sugarcane, grapes, vines, dates, oranges, lemons, figs, wheat, barley, maize, apricots, peaches and almonds.

Water resources are also being overexploited, due to the high water usage by tourists.^[125] Also, some islands (such as Gran Canaria and Tenerife) overexploit the ground water. This is done in such degree that, according to European and Spanish legal regulations, the current situation is not acceptable. To address the problems, good governance and a change in the water use paradigm have been proposed. These solutions depend largely on controlling water use and on demand management. As this is administratively difficult and politically unpalatable, most action is currently directed at increasing the public offer of water through import from outside; a decision which is economically, politically and environmentally questionable.^[126]

To bring in revenue for environmental protection, innovation, training and water sanitation a tourist tax was considered in 2018, along with a doubling of the ecotax and restrictions on holiday rents in the zones with the greatest pressure of demand.^[127]

The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of foreign direct investment, mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near €11 billion in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds).^{[citation needed]} Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than five jobs.^{[citation needed]}

Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and natural gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end of 2016. Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's energy needs.^[128] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction, and the project was scrapped.^[129]

Despite currently having very high dependence on fossil fuels, research on the renewable energy potential concluded that a high potential for renewable energy technologies exists on the archipelago. This, in such extent even that a scenario pathway to 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 has been put forward.^[130]

The Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of Britons, 22% of Spanish (from outside the Canaries), and 21% of Germans). Among the islands, Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually, followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote.^[12] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide), receives over 2.8 million visitors annually.^[131]

The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan.

The islands, as an autonomous region of Spain, are in the European Union and the Schengen Area. They are in the European Union Customs Union but outside the VAT area.^[132] Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax (IGIC) which has a general rate of 7%, an increased tax rate of 13.5%, a reduced tax rate of 3% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services. Consequently, some products are subject to additional VAT if being exported from the islands into mainland Spain or the rest of the EU.

Canarian time is Western European Time (WET), or GMT. In summer, one hour ahead of GMT. Canarian time is one hour behind mainland Spain, and the same time as the UK, Ireland and mainland Portugal all year round.

Tourism statistics

The number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands in 2018 was 16,150,054. In 2019, there were 15,589,290 arrivals.^[133]

**Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air in 2019, by island of destination**
Rank	Island	Number of Visitors
1	Tenerife	5,889,454
2	Gran Canaria	4,267,385
3	Lanzarote	3,065,575
4	Fuerteventura	2,023,196
5	La Palma	343,680

**Number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands by air, by island of destination**
Month	Lanzarote	Fuerteventura	Gran Canaria	Tenerife	La Palma
2020 May	0	0	0	0	0
2020 April	0	0	0	0	0
2020 March	99,407	71,988	141,692	208,696	11,531
2020 February	215,054	175,618	387,432	528,873	31,996
2020 January	209,769	149,140	405,208	512,153	36,618
2020	524,230	396,746	934,332	1,249,722	80,145
2019 December	256,733	168,717	416,723	526,258	35,515
2019 November	231,995	159,352	405,715	487,576	29,614
2019 October	258,722	175,472	354,718	484,905	24,506
2019 September	235,534	154,056	291,855	432,241	21,106
2019 August	273,783	175,153	328,921	501,712	26,465
2019 July	270,438	171,819	333,530	481,976	22,059
2019 June	242,901	159,945	274,881	451,244	18,266
2019 May	230,821	140,370	261,250	423,740	19,447
2019 April	256,776	179,318	324,647	484,097	32,927
2019 March	295,614	201,556	447,905	579,224	39,570
2019 February	272,428	164,970	403,123	513,880	32,162
2019 January	239,830	172,468	424,117	522,601	42,043
2019	3,065,575	2,023,196	4,267,385	5,889,454	343,680
2018 December	258,185	171,248	420,041	519,566	34,266
2018 November	256,755	163,189	410,456	513,953	40,401
2018 October	265,950	207,176	397,411	541,492	27,865
2018 September	249,877	181,272	326,673	451,957	22,094
2018 August	260,216	206,718	370,232	516,048	28,054
2018 July	258,746	208,723	374,844	485,961	23,453
2018 June	233,824	181,406	301,068	448,667	19,384
2018 May	245,563	159,808	285,178	421,763	22,702
2018 April	266,433	184,772	347,043	488,679	30,675
2018 March	299,270	223,478	441,620	572,515	35,369
2018 February	246,215	181,218	396,707	484,485	40,282
2018 January	222,283	184,199	438,555	503,856	50,215
2018	3,063,317	2,253,207	4,509,828	5,948,942	374,760
Source (05/2020):^[133]

GDP statistics

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Canary Islands in 2015 was €40,923 million, €19,222 per capita. The figures by island are as follows:^[134]

**GDP by island in million euros**
Island	GDP
Tenerife	17,615
Gran Canaria	15,812
Lanzarote	3,203
Fuerteventura	2,298
La Palma	1,423
La Gomera	394
El Hierro	178

Transport

The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and other roads. For a road map see multimap.^[135] Traffic congestion is sometimes a problem in Tenerife and on Grand Canaria.^[136]^[137]^[138]

Large ferry boats and fast ferries link most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of passengers, cargo, and vehicles. Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil. Fast ferries travel in excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph); conventional ferries travel in excess of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph), but are slower than fast ferries.^{[citation needed]} A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about two and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour.^[139]

The largest airport is the Gran Canaria Airport. Tenerife has two airports, Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport.^[140] The island of Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands through its two airports.^[141] The two main islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) receive the greatest number of passengers.^[142] Tenerife 6,204,499 passengers and Gran Canaria 5,011,176 passengers.^[143]

The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands,^[144] while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly, it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay.^[145] The port's facilities include a border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port of Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.^[146] The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported.^[146]

The SS America was beached at the Canary islands on 18 January 1994. However, the ocean liner broke apart after the course of several years and eventually sank beneath the surface.

Rail transport

The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and is currently the only one in the Canary Islands, travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna.

Three more railway lines are being planned for the Canary Islands:

Line	Island	Terminus A	Terminus B
Tren de Gran Canaria^[147]	Gran Canaria	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria	Maspalomas
Tren del Sur	Tenerife	Santa Cruz de Tenerife	Los Cristianos
Tren del Norte^[148]	Tenerife	Santa Cruz de Tenerife	Los Realejos

Airports

Tenerife South Airport – Tenerife
Tenerife North Airport – Tenerife
César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport – Lanzarote
Fuerteventura Airport – Fuerteventura
Gran Canaria Airport – Gran Canaria
La Palma Airport – La Palma
La Gomera Airport – La Gomera
El Hierro Airport – El Hierro^[149]

Ports

Port of Puerto del Rosario – Fuerteventura
Port of Arrecife – Lanzarote
Port of Playa Blanca—Lanzarote
Port of Santa Cruz de La Palma – La Palma
Port of San Sebastián de La Gomera – La Gomera
Port of La Estaca – El Hierro
Port of Las Palmas – Gran Canaria
Port of Arinaga – Gran Canaria
Port of Agaete – Gran Canaria
Port of Los Cristianos – Tenerife
Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Tenerife
Port of Garachico – Tenerife
Port of Granadilla – Tenerife

Health

The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands.^[150]

Wildlife

Fauna

The bird life includes European and African species, such as the black-bellied sandgrouse, Canary, Graja, a subspecies of red-billed chough endemic to La Palma, Gran Canaria blue chaffinch, Tenerife blue chaffinch, Canary Islands chiffchaff, Fuerteventura chat, Tenerife goldcrest, La Palma chaffinch, Canarian Egyptian vulture, Bolle's pigeon, Laurel pigeon, Plain swift, and Houbara bustard.

Terrestrial fauna includes the El Hierro giant lizard, Tachina canariensis, La Gomera giant lizard, and the La Palma giant lizard. Mammals include the Canarian shrew, Canary big-eared bat, the Algerian hedgehog, and the more recently introduced mouflon.

Extinct fauna

The Canary Islands were previously inhabited by a variety of endemic animals, such as extinct giant lizards (Gallotia goliath), giant tortoises (Centrochelys burchardi and C. vulcanica),^[151] and Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats (Canariomys bravoi and C. tamarani),^[152] among others. Extinct birds known only from Pleistocene and Holocene age bones include the Canary Islands quail (Coturnix gomerae), Dune shearwater (Puffinus holeae), Lava shearwater (P. olsoni), Trias greenfinch (Chloris triasi), Slender-billed greenfinch (C. aurelioi) and the Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri).^[153]

Marine life

The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic, Mediterranean and endemic species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands.

Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark, ray, moray eel, bream, jack, grunt, scorpionfish, triggerfish, grouper, goby, and blenny. In addition, there are many invertebrate species, including sponge, jellyfish, anemone, crab, mollusc, sea urchin, starfish, sea cucumber and coral.

There are a total of five different species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the endangered loggerhead sea turtle.^[154] The other four are the green sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle and Kemp's ridley sea turtle. Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually migrating. However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory.

Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare and not well-known species (see more details in the Marine life of the Canary Islands). Hooded seals^[155] have also been known to be vagrant in the Canary Islands every now and then. The Canary Islands were also formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world, the Mediterranean monk seal.

Native flora gallery

Holidays

Dancers with typical costume in El Tamaduste (El Hierro)

Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national, others are regional holidays and others are of insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands, based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, held on 30 May 1983, is commemorated with this day.

The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows:^[156]

Date	Name	Data
1 January	New Year	International festival.
6 January	Epiphany	Catholic festival.
March or April	Holy Thursday and Holy Friday	Christian festival.
1 May	International Workers' Day	International festival.
30 May	Canary Islands Day	Day of the autonomous community. Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands.
15 August	Assumption of Mary	Catholic festival. This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain. Popularly, in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of Canary Islands) is celebrated.^[157]^[158]
12 October	Fiesta Nacional de España (Día de la Hispanidad)	National Holiday of Spain. Commemoration of discovery of the Americas.
1 November	All Saints' Day	Catholic festival.
6 December	Constitution Day	Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum, 1978.
8 December	Immaculate Conception	Catholic festival. The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain.
25 December	Christmas	Christian festival. Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth.

In addition, each of the islands has an island festival, in which it is a holiday only on that specific island. These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island. Organized chronologically are:^[159]

Date	Island	Saint/Virgin
2 February	Tenerife	Our Lady of Candelaria
5 August	La Palma	Our Lady of the Snows
8 September	Gran Canaria	Our Lady of the Pine
15 September	Lanzarote	Our Lady of Dolours
Third Saturday of the month of September	Fuerteventura	Our Lady of the Peña
24 September	El Hierro	Our Lady of the Kings
Monday following the first Saturday of October	La Gomera	Our Lady of Guadalupe

The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival. It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tourist Festival of International Interest) and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro, the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote, Los Indianos de La Palma, the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura.

Science and technology

In the 1960s, Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14 ground stations in the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to support the NASA space program. Maspalomas Station, located in the south of the island, took part in a number of space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon landings and Skylab. Today it continues to support satellite communications as part of the ESA network.^[160]

Because of the remote location, a number of astronomical observatories are located in the archipelago, including the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and the Temisas Astronomical Observatory on Gran Canaria.

Tenerife is the home of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries). There is also an Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (Antonio González Bio-Organic Institute) at the University of La Laguna. Also at that university are the Instituto de Lingüística Andrés Bello (Andrés Bello Institute of Linguistics), the Centro de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), the Instituto Universitario de la Empresa (University Institute of Business), the Instituto de Derecho Regional (Regional Institute of Law), the Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (University Institute of Political and Social Sciences) and the Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales (Institute of Tropical Diseases). The latter is one of the seven institutions of the Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET, "Network of Research of Centers of Tropical Diseases"), located in various parts of Spain. The Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands) is based in Tenerife.^{[citation needed]}

Sports

Heliodoro Rodríguez López Stadium in Tenerife, the stadium with the largest field area in the Canary Islands^[161]^[162]

A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling (lucha canaria) has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements.^[164]

Another sport is the "game of the sticks" (palo canario) where opponents fence with long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks.^[164]

Furthermore, there is the shepherd's jump (salto del pastor). This involves using a long stick to vault over an open area. This sport possibly evolved from the shepherd's need to occasionally get over an open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep.^[164]

The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife (founded in 1912) and UD Las Palmas (founded in 1949). As of the 2023/2024 season, UD Las Palmas plays in La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football. CD Tenerife however plays in The Segunda Divisón. When in the same division, the clubs contest the Canary Islands derby. There are smaller clubs also playing in the mainland Spanish football league system, most notably UD Lanzarote and CD Laguna, although no other Canarian clubs have played in the top flight.

The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of annual competitive long-distance events including CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail on Tenerife, Transvulcania on La Palma, Transgrancanaria^[165] on Gran Canaria, and the Half Marathon des Sables on Fuerteventura. A yearly Ironman Triathlon has been taking place on Lanzarote since 1992.^[166]^[167]

Notable athletes

Paco Campos, (1916–1995); a footballer who played as a forward. With 127 goals, 120 of which were for Atlético Madrid, he is the highest scoring player from the Canary Islands in La Liga.
Nicolás García Hemme, born 20 June 1988 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, 2012 London Olympics, Taekwondo Silver Medalist in Men's Welterweight category (−80 kg).
Alfredo Cabrera, (1881–1964); shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1913
Sergio Rodríguez, born in San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1986, played point guard for the Portland Trail Blazers, Sacramento Kings, and New York Knicks.
David Silva, born in Arguineguín in 1986, plays association football for Real Sociedad, member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team
Juan Carlos Valerón, born in Arguineguín in 1975, played association football for Deportivo la Coruna and Las Palmas.
Pedro, born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1987, plays association football for Lazio, member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team
Carla Suárez Navarro, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1988, professional tennis player
Paola Tirados, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1980, synchronized swimmer, who participated in the Olympic Games of 2000, 2004 and 2008. She won the silver medal in Beijing in 2008 in the team competition category.
Jesé, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1993, plays association football for Las Palmas.
Christo Bezuidenhout, born in Tenerife in 1970, played rugby union for Gloucester and South Africa.
Pedri, born in Tegueste in 2002, plays association football for Barcelona.
Misa Rodríguez, born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1999, plays association football for Real Madrid Femenino. Member of the 2023 Women's World Cup winning Spain women's national football team.
Nico Paz, born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 2004, plays association football for Como.

References

Notes

^ "So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days' notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships, ready to seize the Canary Islands, by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U-boats, and contact with Australasia round the Cape, if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards."

Citations

^ "Población por comunidades y ciudades autónomas y sexo". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
^ "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). www.ine.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Real Decreto 743/2019, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2019". BOE (in Spanish). 27 December 2019. pp. 141278–141281. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
^ Utreta, Federico (1996). Canarias, secreto de estado: episodios inéditos de la transición política y militar en las islas. Madrid: Mateos López Editores. p. 291.
^ Tamaimos. "Canarias está en África". tamaimos.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ Benjamin, Thomas (2009). The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521850995.
^ ^a ^b "La Macaronesia. Consideraciones geológicas, biogeográficas y paleoecológicas". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
^ "Canarias, un puente entre continentes". La Nación. 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Canarias - Población 2023 | Datosmacro.com". datosmacro.expansion.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Mass Protests In Canary Islands Decry Overtourism". Barrons. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b Página web Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine del ISTAC sobre entrada de turistas en Canarias.
^ "Canary Islands Weather and Climate". Worldtravelguide.net. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "First Light for Laser Guide Star Technology Collaboration". European Southern Observatory. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ "Ley Orgánica 1/2018, de 5 de noviembre, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias". BOE (in Spanish). 6 November 2018. pp. 107645–107708. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 – Wikisource". es.wikisource.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine en el sitio web oficial del Gobierno de Canarias
^ "La población de Canarias se ha multiplicado por trece en los últimos 250 años". Canarias7.es. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the official website of the Canary Islands Government
^ "La Laguna. Guía turística de Tenerife. Tenerife, la isla de la eterna primavera". Tenerife2.com. Publiceuta S.L. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "2.2.6. Diagnóstico" (PDF). Plan Territorial Especial De Ordenación Del Sistema Viario Del Área Metropolitana De Tenerife (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "Presentación general de la isla". Dracma (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "1733 Spanish Galleon Trail, Plate Fleets". flheritage.com. Florida Department of State. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ "Trade Winds and the Hadley Cell". earthguide.ucsd.edu. Calspace, University of California, San Diego. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book 6, Chap. 37. (32.) Archived 29 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine —The Fortunate Islands
^ Pliny the Elder (1855) [77 CE]. "1 The Two Mauritanias". The Natural History. Vol. 5 An account of countries, nations, seas, towns, havens, mountains, rivers, distances, and peoples who now exist or formerly existed. Translated by John Bostock. London: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via perseus.tufts.edu.
^ "History | portal". www.elhierro.es. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ "Ferro | Volcanic Island, Atlantic Ocean, Nature Reserve | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ Carracedo, Juan C.; Troll, Valentin R.; Day, James M. D.; Geiger, Harri; Aulinas, Meritxell; Soler, Vicente; Deegan, Frances M.; Perez-Torrado, Francisco J.; Gisbert, Guillem; Gazel, Esteban; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro (May 2022). "The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands". Geology Today. 38 (3): 94–107. Bibcode:2022GeolT..38...94C. doi:10.1111/gto.12388. ISSN 0266-6979. S2CID 246950800. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
^ Agustín Monzón (26 June 2018). "La Graciosa se convierte en la octava isla de Canarias". El Independiente (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Morris, Hugh (28 June 2018). "Nine fascinating facts about the newest Canary Island". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ "El Senado reconoce a La Graciosa como la octava isla canaria habitada". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos", in Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 674–699, ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1, archived from the original on 21 January 2021, retrieved 3 July 2022
^ José Mangas Viñuela (2007). "The Canary Islands Hot Spot". www.mantleplumes.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ Webb, Philip Barker; Berthelot, Sabin; Oudart, P. L.; Valenciennes; Goode, G. Brown (1836). Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries. Paris: Béthune, éditeur. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ "El clima subtropical canario" (in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "Valores climatológicos normales. Canarias" (in Spanish). AEMET. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "Laurisilva. Canarias Wiki" (in Spanish). Gobierno de Canarias (Canary Islands Government). Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Santa Cruz De Tenerife". Archived from the original on 18 November 2012.
^ "Weather Information for Las Palmas". Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". Archived from the original on 18 November 2012.
^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". AEMET (in Spanish). 2010. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ "Valores climatológicos normales. La Palma Aeropuerto". Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
^ Carracedo, J. C. (Juan Carlos); Troll, V. R. (26 May 2016). The geology of the Canary Islands. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-809664-2. OCLC 951031503. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
^ "Instituto Geográfico Nacional". Fomento.es. 10 November 1949. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ Pararas-Carayannis, G. (2002). "Evaluation of the Threat of Mega Tsunami Generation from Postulated Massive Slope Failure of Island Stratovolcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on The Island of Hawaii, George". Science of Tsunami Hazards 20 (5): 251–277.
^ "Lava shoots up from volcano on La Palma in Spanish Canary Islands". Reuters. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R., eds. (2013). Teide Volcano: Geology and Eruptions of a Highly Differentiated Oceanic Stratovolcano. Active Volcanoes of the World. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-25892-3. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021). "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos". Encyclopedia of Geology. pp. 674–699. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8. ISBN 9780081029091. S2CID 226588940. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos", in Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 674–699, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8, ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1, S2CID 226588940, archived from the original on 21 January 2021, retrieved 16 March 2021
^ Prensa, Nota de. "Finalizada la erupción submarina que se inició en octubre en El Hierro". El Hierro Digital (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b "El Teide, el parque más visitado de Europa y el segundo del mundo". Diariodeavisos.com. Canaria de Avisos S.A. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b "El parque nacional del Teide es el primero más visitado de Europa y el segundo del mundo". Sanborondon.info. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
^ "El Teide (Tenerife) es el parque nacional más visitado de Canarias con 2,8 millones de visitantes en 2008". Europapress.es. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Official Website of Tenerife Tourism Corporation". Webtenerife.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Ley 7/1991, de 30 de abril, de símbolos de la naturaleza para las Islas Canarias – in Spanish". Gobcan.es. 10 May 1991. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Parques Nacionales de Canarias". Pueblos10.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Mapa Físico de España (Physical Map of Spain)". Atlas Nacional de España (National Atlas of Spain). Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain). 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Senators by geographical origin, Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". Senate of Spain. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ Herms, Franziska (2006). Alternative Tourism on Gran Canaria: The diversification of tourism products as an alternative to mass tourism. diplom.de. p. 24. ISBN 9783832492816. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ González, Sergio Muñoz (18 January 2022). "Naciones Unidas define aguas de Canarias como parte de la costa marroquí ante la pasividad del Gobierno". COPE (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" (PDF). www.un.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ "Barómetro Autonómico (III), (Comunidad autónoma de Canarias)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
^ "Según la Página Web del Gobierno de Canarias". Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands". Archived from the original on 3 June 2008.
^ ^a ^b Olaya, Vincente (27 November 2021). "Studies shed new light on origins of Canary Islands population". El País. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020.
^ Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M. (February 2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075. ISSN 1476-5438. PMID 14508507. S2CID 10363742.
^ Benjamin, Thomas (2009). The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and their shared history, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
^ Catling, Chris (October–November 2024). "Colonisation and cohabitation". Current World Archaeology (127): 62–63.
^ Santana, Jonathan. "The chronology of the human colonization of the Canary Islands". pnas.org. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b Rosa, A. José Farrujia de la (26 November 2013). An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-9396-9. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
^ Mogán, Turismo. "Lomo de los Gatos Conjunto Arqueológico – Portal de Turismo Iltre Ayuntamiento de Mogán". turismo.mogan.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
^ Farrujia de la Rosa, José (1 January 2015). "Written in stones: The Amazigh colonization of the Canary Islands". Corpus (in French) (14): 115–138. doi:10.4000/corpus.2641. ISSN 1638-9808. S2CID 135307065.
^ Renata Ana Springer Bunk (2014). Die libysch-berberischen Inschriften der Kanarischen Inseln in ihrem Felsbildkontext. Berber Studies Volume 42. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-942-8.
^ Pliny the Elder. "Book 6 Chapter 37". Natural History : 77–79 AD. Translated by Bostock, John. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ Hogan, C. Michael. Burnham, Andy (ed.). "Chellah". Megalithic.co.uk. The Megalithic Portal. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Natural History of Pliny the Elder". Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ Adhikari, Mohamed (7 September 2017). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review. 49 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. S2CID 165086773. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
^ Adhikari, Mohamed (25 July 2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1647920548. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ Mercer, John (1980). The Canary Islanders: Their Prehistory, Conquest, and Survival.
^ ^a ^b Santana, Jonathan; Fregel, Rosa; Lightfoot, Emma; Morales, Jacob; Alamón, Martha; Guillén, José; Moreno, Marco; Rodríguez, Amelia (2016). "The early colonial atlantic world: New insights on the African Diaspora from isotopic and ancient DNA analyses of a multiethnic 15th–17th century burial population from the Canary Islands, Spain". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (2): 300–312. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22879. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 26458007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ Randi W. (12 December 2006). "Dyeing with Lichens & Mushrooms". blog.mycology.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
^ Brito, Ana del Carmen Viña (2006). "La organización social del trabajo en los ingenios azucareros canarios (siglos XV-XVI)". En la España medieval (29): 359–382. ISSN 0214-3038. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ Curtin, Philip D.; Curtin, Philip DeArmond (13 February 1998). The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62943-0.
^ Ronquillo, M (2008). Viña, A (ed.). Ingenios azucareros en la colonización canaria, 1487–1526. Localización espacial y organización del espacio en Gran Canaria. Organismo de Museos y Centros. pp. 133–153.
^ Lobo–Cabrera, M (1982). "La Esclavitud en Las Canarias Orientales en El Siglo XVI". The Journal of African History. 28 (2): 332. doi:10.1017/S0021853700030000. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 161230066.
^ Hoyte, Ralph (2 February 2021). "Close to the Bone: Certain Poetic Considerations & Analyses Pertaining To The Lives Of The Enslaved Based On Archaeological Investigations From A Multiethnic 15th–17th Century Burial Population From The Canary Islands, Spain". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.
^ John Mercer (1980), The Canary Islanders : their prehistory, conquest, and survival, p. 236, Collings.
^ "El comercio canario-americano en el siglo XVIII (I parte)". Canariascnnews.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "The Spanish of the Canary Islands". Personal.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Handbook of Texas Online – Canary Islanders". Tshaonline.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Los Isleños Heritage & Cultural Society website". Losislenos.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Isleños Society of St. Bernard Parish". Americaslibrary.gov. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "The Spanish of the Canary Islands". www.personal.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Montesinos Sirera, Jose Luis and Jurgen Renn (2004) Expeditions to the Canary Islands in the romantic period (1770–1830)". Humboldt.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 31 January 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 en wikisource
^ "Real Decreto 1586" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
^ León Álvarez, Aarón (19 April 2015). "La represión franquista en Canarias: una guerra de 40 años". canariasahora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017 – via eldiario.es.
^ Churchill, Winston S. (1949). The Second World War Vol 2: Their Finest Hour. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 519.
^ Churchill, Winston S. (1950). The Second World War Vol 3: The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 718.
^ Stucki, Andreas (6 February 2018). ""Frequent Deaths": The Colonial Development of Concentration Camps Reconsidered, 1868–1974". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (3): 305–326. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1429808. S2CID 80167476. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ James B. Minahan (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, p. 377, Greenwood.
^ "Parlamento de Canarias – Parlamento de Canarias". www.parcan.es. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ Julio Sánchez Rodríguez. "San Marcial de Rubicón y los obispados de Canarias" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ La Junta Suprema de Canarias. Volumen I. Buenaventura Bonnet y Riveron. Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Tenerife, Editorial: Editorial Interinsular Canaria SA, publicado en Santa Cruz de Tenerife en 1980 (reedición de 1948) Páginas 104–106
^ "Archivo Intermedio Militar de Canarias. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "La Diócesis de San Cristóbal de La Laguna en los inicios del siglo XIX: el Obispo Folgueras Sión, el Cabildo Catedral y la jurisdicción eclesiástica" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ "Capital de facto de Canarias" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
^ "Pleito Insular; Autonomía y Nacionalidad". Gran Enciclopedia Virtual Islas Canarias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via www.gevic.net.
^ "Su Origen". Gran Enciclopedia Virtual Islas Canarias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via www.gevic.net.
^ "Official census statistics of the Canary Islands population". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "La población en Canarias" (PDF). Ine.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ "Estadísticas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ Suárez, Borja (25 June 2018). "El 91% de los nuevos habitantes de Canarias viene del extranjero". www.canarias7.es. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ "Morocco People 2020, CIA World Factbook". theodora.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
^ "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia (Canarias)". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos – Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Canarias (aut.)" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
^ "Pedro de San José Betancurt, Santo". Es.catholic.net. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ "José de Anchieta, Santo". Es.catholic.net. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Tenerife, La Opinión de. "Un 5% de canarios profesa una religión minoritaria". Laopinion.es. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
^ Tenerife, La Opinión de. "Los musulmanes de la Isla constituyen la primera Federación Islámica de Canarias". Laopinion.es. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ "Frecuencias marginales unidimensionales del estudio 2956.5.0". Cis.es. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
^ "Statistics". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ Santamarta, Juan; Rodríguez-Martín, Jesica (1 January 2013). INTRODUCTION TO WATER PROBLEMS IN CANARY ISLANDS. pp. 169–179. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via ResearchGate.
^ Custodio, Emilio; Albiac, José; Cermerón, Manuel; Hernández, Marta; Llamas, M. Ramón; Sahuquillo, Andrés (1 September 2017). "Groundwater mining: benefits, problems and consequences in Spain". Sustainable Water Resources Management. 3 (3): 213–226. Bibcode:2017SWRM....3..213C. doi:10.1007/s40899-017-0099-2. S2CID 132272387.
^ Kim, Soo (25 January 2018). "The Canary Islands could become the next holiday hotspot to introduce a tourist tax". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Spain's Repsol gets long awaited green signal to explore off Canary Islands". Spain News.Net. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
^ "Repsol completes its exploration well in the Canary Islands - repsol.com". Repsol.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ Gils, Hans Christian; Simon, Sonja (2017). "Carbon neutral archipelago – 100% renewable energy supply for the Canary Islands". Applied Energy. 188: 342–355. Bibcode:2017ApEn..188..342G. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
^ "Página Web Oficial de Turismo de Tenerife; El Teide". Webtenerife.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Territorial status of EU countries and certain territories". taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ ^a ^b "ISTAC: Estadísticas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". www.gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
^ "Macromagnitudes de Canarias por Islas (2015)". www.datosdelanzarote.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
^ "Canary Islands road map: Spain – Multimap". Multimap.de. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "Cabildo announce changes to reduce massive traffic jams caused by GC1 daytime resurfacing work | The Canary – News, Views & Sunshine". Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Arona leads fight against south's "unbearable" traffic jams". Tenerife News – Official Website. 2 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Traffic – Information about the trafic on Canaria". www.canariainfo.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria to Santa Cruz de Tenerife Ferry from $31 | Tickets & Timetables". Rome2rio. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ "Airport traffic". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "AENA statistics for 2012" (PDF). Estadisticas.aena.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
^ "Passengers in airports". Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "TURISTAS EXTRANJEROS ENTRADOS SEGÚN PAIS DE ORIGEN, POR ISLAS. 1997–2001". Gobiernodecanarias.org. 22 January 2003. Archived from the original on 22 January 2003.
^ "Freight traffic". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "04-CAPITULO 4-2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
^ ^a ^b "TRÁFICO DE PASAJE REGISTRADO EN LOS PUERTOS. 1996–2007". gobiernodecanarias.org. Retrieved 20 September 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Gran Canaria Train". Playa-del-ingles.biz. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Aprobado el avance del proyecto del tren del norte de Tenerife con 7 paradas entre Los Realejos y S/C". Canarias7. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
^ "Airports by passenger traffic, 2010, July". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Hospitales pertenecientes al Servicio Canario de la Salud". gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
^ "La Paleontología de vertebrados en Canarias." Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Journal of Palaeontology (antes Revista Española de Paleontología). Consultado el 17 de junio de 2016.
^ Algunas extinciones en Canarias Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias
^ Illera, Juan Carlos; Spurgin, Lewis G.; Rodriguez-Exposito, E.; Nogales, Manuel; Rando, Juan Carlos (2016). "What are we learning about Speciation and Extinction from the Canary Islands?". Ardeola. 63 (1): 15–33. doi:10.13157/arla.63.1.2016.rp1. S2CID 55386208.
^ Lissie Wright; Brian Groombridge (1982). The IUCN Amphibia-reptilia Red Data Book. IUCN. p. 140. ISBN 978-2-88032-601-2.
^ Kovacs, K.M. (2016). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6204A45225150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6204A45225150.en. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "Calendario oficial en Canarias". Sede.gobcan.es. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ "Programa de las Fiestas de la Virgen de Candelaria. Agosto de 2017" (PDF). Webtenerfife.ru. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ "Candelaria se prepara para recibir en agosto a 150.000 devotos de la Virgen". Diariodeavisos.elespanol.com. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ "Fiestas insulares de Canarias" (PDF). Ccooendesa.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
^ "Maspalomas station". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
^ Alonso, Javier (25 July 2015). "El Heliodoro Rodríguez López cumple 90 años". Vavel.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López". Lovecanarias.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Canary Islands Stadiums". WorldStadiums.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Canary Islands". Ctspanish.com. 21 October 1971. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "Transgrancanaria (English website)". Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "IMLanzarote". www.ironman.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ "Ironman Lanzarote". Web de Lanzarote (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.

Sources

Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-45690-8
Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Canary Islands after the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early-Sixteenth Century, Oxford U. Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-19-821888-3; ISBN 0-19-821888-5
Sergio Hanquet, Diving in Canaries, Litografía A. ROMERO, 2001. ISBN 84-932195-0-9
Martin Wiemers: The butterflies of the Canary Islands. – A survey on their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) – Linneana Belgica 15 (1995): 63–84 & 87–118

External links

Canary Islands Government
Official tourism website of the Canary Islands. Archived 6 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Cloud vortices near the Canaries, March 2023. NASA Earth Observatory POTD for 15 April 2023.

[100] "So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days' notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships, ready to seize the Canary Islands, by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U-boats, and contact with Australasia round the Cape, if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards."

[1] "Población por comunidades y ciudades autónomas y sexo". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

[2] "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). www.ine.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

[BOE_pop_2019-3] "Real Decreto 743/2019, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2019". BOE (in Spanish). 27 December 2019. pp. 141278–141281. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

[GlobalDataLab-4] "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2023.

[Utreta-5] Utreta, Federico (1996). Canarias, secreto de estado: episodios inéditos de la transición política y militar en las islas. Madrid: Mateos López Editores. p. 291.

[6] Tamaimos. "Canarias está en África". tamaimos.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[7] Benjamin, Thomas (2009). The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521850995.

[catalogo.museosdetenerife.org-8] "La Macaronesia. Consideraciones geológicas, biogeográficas y paleoecológicas". Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2010.

[9] "Canarias, un puente entre continentes". La Nación. 19 November 2002. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[10] "Canarias - Población 2023 | Datosmacro.com". datosmacro.expansion.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2024.

[Agence_France_Presse-11] "Mass Protests In Canary Islands Decry Overtourism". Barrons. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.

[gobiernodecanarias1-12] Página web Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine del ISTAC sobre entrada de turistas en Canarias.

[13] "Canary Islands Weather and Climate". Worldtravelguide.net. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[14] "First Light for Laser Guide Star Technology Collaboration". European Southern Observatory. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[estatuto2018-15] "Ley Orgánica 1/2018, de 5 de noviembre, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias". BOE (in Spanish). 6 November 2018. pp. 107645–107708. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[es.wikisource.org-16] "Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 – Wikisource". es.wikisource.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2023.

[gobiernodecanarias.org-17] Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine en el sitio web oficial del Gobierno de Canarias

[18] "La población de Canarias se ha multiplicado por trece en los últimos 250 años". Canarias7.es. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2011.

[Real_Decreto_Canarias-19] Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine at the official website of the Canary Islands Government

[20] "La Laguna. Guía turística de Tenerife. Tenerife, la isla de la eterna primavera". Tenerife2.com. Publiceuta S.L. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[21] "2.2.6. Diagnóstico" (PDF). Plan Territorial Especial De Ordenación Del Sistema Viario Del Área Metropolitana De Tenerife (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[22] "Presentación general de la isla". Dracma (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[23] "1733 Spanish Galleon Trail, Plate Fleets". flheritage.com. Florida Department of State. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.

[24] "Trade Winds and the Hadley Cell". earthguide.ucsd.edu. Calspace, University of California, San Diego. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2016.

[25] Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book 6, Chap. 37. (32.) Archived 29 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine —The Fortunate Islands

[26] Pliny the Elder (1855) [77 CE]. "1 The Two Mauritanias". The Natural History. Vol. 5 An account of countries, nations, seas, towns, havens, mountains, rivers, distances, and peoples who now exist or formerly existed. Translated by John Bostock. London: Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 13 January 2023 – via perseus.tufts.edu.

[27] "History | portal". www.elhierro.es. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

[28] "Ferro | Volcanic Island, Atlantic Ocean, Nature Reserve | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

[29] Carracedo, Juan C.; Troll, Valentin R.; Day, James M. D.; Geiger, Harri; Aulinas, Meritxell; Soler, Vicente; Deegan, Frances M.; Perez-Torrado, Francisco J.; Gisbert, Guillem; Gazel, Esteban; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro (May 2022). "The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands". Geology Today. 38 (3): 94–107. Bibcode:2022GeolT..38...94C. doi:10.1111/gto.12388. ISSN 0266-6979. S2CID 246950800. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

[Monzón2019-30] Agustín Monzón (26 June 2018). "La Graciosa se convierte en la octava isla de Canarias". El Independiente (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.

[31] Morris, Hugh (28 June 2018). "Nine fascinating facts about the newest Canary Island". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.

[32] "El Senado reconoce a La Graciosa como la octava isla canaria habitada". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2019.

[33] Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos", in Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 674–699, ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1, archived from the original on 21 January 2021, retrieved 3 July 2022

[34] José Mangas Viñuela (2007). "The Canary Islands Hot Spot". www.mantleplumes.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.

[35] Webb, Philip Barker; Berthelot, Sabin; Oudart, P. L.; Valenciennes; Goode, G. Brown (1836). Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries. Paris: Béthune, éditeur. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

[36] "El clima subtropical canario" (in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

[37] "Valores climatológicos normales. Canarias" (in Spanish). AEMET. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

[38] "Laurisilva. Canarias Wiki" (in Spanish). Gobierno de Canarias (Canary Islands Government). Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

[39] "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Santa Cruz De Tenerife". Archived from the original on 18 November 2012.

[40] "Weather Information for Las Palmas". Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

[aemet.es-41] "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". Archived from the original on 18 November 2012.

[42] "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". AEMET (in Spanish). 2010. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2018.

[43] "Valores climatológicos normales. La Palma Aeropuerto". Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.

[44] Carracedo, J. C. (Juan Carlos); Troll, V. R. (26 May 2016). The geology of the Canary Islands. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-809664-2. OCLC 951031503. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

[45] "Instituto Geográfico Nacional". Fomento.es. 10 November 1949. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[46] Pararas-Carayannis, G. (2002). "Evaluation of the Threat of Mega Tsunami Generation from Postulated Massive Slope Failure of Island Stratovolcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on The Island of Hawaii, George". Science of Tsunami Hazards 20 (5): 251–277.

[47] "Lava shoots up from volcano on La Palma in Spanish Canary Islands". Reuters. 19 September 2021. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.

[48] Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R., eds. (2013). Teide Volcano: Geology and Eruptions of a Highly Differentiated Oceanic Stratovolcano. Active Volcanoes of the World. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-25892-3. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2021.

[49] Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021). "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos". Encyclopedia of Geology. pp. 674–699. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8. ISBN 9780081029091. S2CID 226588940. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.

[50] Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos", in Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 674–699, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8, ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1, S2CID 226588940, archived from the original on 21 January 2021, retrieved 16 March 2021

[51] Prensa, Nota de. "Finalizada la erupción submarina que se inició en octubre en El Hierro". El Hierro Digital (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

[diariodeavisos.com-52] "El Teide, el parque más visitado de Europa y el segundo del mundo". Diariodeavisos.com. Canaria de Avisos S.A. 30 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.

[sanborondon.info-53] "El parque nacional del Teide es el primero más visitado de Europa y el segundo del mundo". Sanborondon.info. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.

[54] "El Teide (Tenerife) es el parque nacional más visitado de Canarias con 2,8 millones de visitantes en 2008". Europapress.es. 31 August 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[55] "Official Website of Tenerife Tourism Corporation". Webtenerife.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[56] "Ley 7/1991, de 30 de abril, de símbolos de la naturaleza para las Islas Canarias – in Spanish". Gobcan.es. 10 May 1991. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[57] "Parques Nacionales de Canarias". Pueblos10.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[IGN_PhysicalMap_2012-58] "Mapa Físico de España (Physical Map of Spain)". Atlas Nacional de España (National Atlas of Spain). Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Spain). 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2018.^{[permanent dead link]}

[compsenado-59] "Senators by geographical origin, Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". Senate of Spain. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

[60] Herms, Franziska (2006). Alternative Tourism on Gran Canaria: The diversification of tourism products as an alternative to mass tourism. diplom.de. p. 24. ISBN 9783832492816. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2019.

[61] González, Sergio Muñoz (18 January 2022). "Naciones Unidas define aguas de Canarias como parte de la costa marroquí ante la pasividad del Gobierno". COPE (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

[62] "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" (PDF). www.un.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.

[cis2956-63] "Barómetro Autonómico (III), (Comunidad autónoma de Canarias)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[64] "Según la Página Web del Gobierno de Canarias". Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[65] "Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands". Archived from the original on 3 June 2008.

[:3-66] Olaya, Vincente (27 November 2021). "Studies shed new light on origins of Canary Islands population". El País. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020.

[67] Maca-Meyer, Nicole; Arnay, Matilde; Rando, Juan Carlos; Flores, Carlos; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M. (February 2004). "Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (2): 155–162. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201075. ISSN 1476-5438. PMID 14508507. S2CID 10363742.

[68] Benjamin, Thomas (2009). The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and their shared history, 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.

[69] Catling, Chris (October–November 2024). "Colonisation and cohabitation". Current World Archaeology (127): 62–63.

[70] Santana, Jonathan. "The chronology of the human colonization of the Canary Islands". pnas.org. University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Retrieved 20 October 2024.

[:4-71] Rosa, A. José Farrujia de la (26 November 2013). An Archaeology of the Margins: Colonialism, Amazighity and Heritage Management in the Canary Islands. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4614-9396-9. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2022.

[72] Mogán, Turismo. "Lomo de los Gatos Conjunto Arqueológico – Portal de Turismo Iltre Ayuntamiento de Mogán". turismo.mogan.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2021.

[73] Farrujia de la Rosa, José (1 January 2015). "Written in stones: The Amazigh colonization of the Canary Islands". Corpus (in French) (14): 115–138. doi:10.4000/corpus.2641. ISSN 1638-9808. S2CID 135307065.

[74] Renata Ana Springer Bunk (2014). Die libysch-berberischen Inschriften der Kanarischen Inseln in ihrem Felsbildkontext. Berber Studies Volume 42. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89645-942-8.

[Pliny_the_Elder_(77-79_AD)-75] Pliny the Elder. "Book 6 Chapter 37". Natural History : 77–79 AD. Translated by Bostock, John. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.

[76] Hogan, C. Michael. Burnham, Andy (ed.). "Chellah". Megalithic.co.uk. The Megalithic Portal. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[77] "Natural History of Pliny the Elder". Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.

[78] Adhikari, Mohamed (7 September 2017). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review. 49 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. S2CID 165086773. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

[79] Adhikari, Mohamed (25 July 2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1647920548. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.

[80] Mercer, John (1980). The Canary Islanders: Their Prehistory, Conquest, and Survival.

[:5-81] Santana, Jonathan; Fregel, Rosa; Lightfoot, Emma; Morales, Jacob; Alamón, Martha; Guillén, José; Moreno, Marco; Rodríguez, Amelia (2016). "The early colonial atlantic world: New insights on the African Diaspora from isotopic and ancient DNA analyses of a multiethnic 15th–17th century burial population from the Canary Islands, Spain". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (2): 300–312. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22879. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 26458007. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

[82] Randi W. (12 December 2006). "Dyeing with Lichens & Mushrooms". blog.mycology.cornell.edu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.

[83] Brito, Ana del Carmen Viña (2006). "La organización social del trabajo en los ingenios azucareros canarios (siglos XV-XVI)". En la España medieval (29): 359–382. ISSN 0214-3038. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

[84] Curtin, Philip D.; Curtin, Philip DeArmond (13 February 1998). The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62943-0.

[85] Ronquillo, M (2008). Viña, A (ed.). Ingenios azucareros en la colonización canaria, 1487–1526. Localización espacial y organización del espacio en Gran Canaria. Organismo de Museos y Centros. pp. 133–153.

[86] Lobo–Cabrera, M (1982). "La Esclavitud en Las Canarias Orientales en El Siglo XVI". The Journal of African History. 28 (2): 332. doi:10.1017/S0021853700030000. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 161230066.

[87] Hoyte, Ralph (2 February 2021). "Close to the Bone: Certain Poetic Considerations & Analyses Pertaining To The Lives Of The Enslaved Based On Archaeological Investigations From A Multiethnic 15th–17th Century Burial Population From The Canary Islands, Spain". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.

[88] John Mercer (1980), The Canary Islanders : their prehistory, conquest, and survival, p. 236, Collings.

[89] "El comercio canario-americano en el siglo XVIII (I parte)". Canariascnnews.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017.

[90] "The Spanish of the Canary Islands". Personal.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[91] "Handbook of Texas Online – Canary Islanders". Tshaonline.org. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[92] "Los Isleños Heritage & Cultural Society website". Losislenos.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[93] "Isleños Society of St. Bernard Parish". Americaslibrary.gov. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[94] "The Spanish of the Canary Islands". www.personal.psu.edu. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[95] "Montesinos Sirera, Jose Luis and Jurgen Renn (2004) Expeditions to the Canary Islands in the romantic period (1770–1830)". Humboldt.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 31 January 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[96] Real Decreto de 30 de noviembre de 1833 en wikisource

[97] "Real Decreto 1586" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2020.

[98] León Álvarez, Aarón (19 April 2015). "La represión franquista en Canarias: una guerra de 40 años". canariasahora (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017 – via eldiario.es.

[99] Churchill, Winston S. (1949). The Second World War Vol 2: Their Finest Hour. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 519.

[101] Churchill, Winston S. (1950). The Second World War Vol 3: The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 718.

[102] Stucki, Andreas (6 February 2018). ""Frequent Deaths": The Colonial Development of Concentration Camps Reconsidered, 1868–1974". Journal of Genocide Research. 20 (3): 305–326. doi:10.1080/14623528.2018.1429808. S2CID 80167476. Archived from the original on 25 July 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.

[103] James B. Minahan (2002), Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World, p. 377, Greenwood.

[104] "Parlamento de Canarias – Parlamento de Canarias". www.parcan.es. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[:1-105] Julio Sánchez Rodríguez. "San Marcial de Rubicón y los obispados de Canarias" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2016.

[junta-106] La Junta Suprema de Canarias. Volumen I. Buenaventura Bonnet y Riveron. Real Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País de Tenerife, Editorial: Editorial Interinsular Canaria SA, publicado en Santa Cruz de Tenerife en 1980 (reedición de 1948) Páginas 104–106

[portalcultura.mde_1-107] "Archivo Intermedio Militar de Canarias. Gobierno de España" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[mdc.ulpgc_1-108] "La Diócesis de San Cristóbal de La Laguna en los inicios del siglo XIX: el Obispo Folgueras Sión, el Cabildo Catedral y la jurisdicción eclesiástica" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

[ref_duplicada_2-109] "Capital de facto de Canarias" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

[110] "Pleito Insular; Autonomía y Nacionalidad". Gran Enciclopedia Virtual Islas Canarias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via www.gevic.net.

[111] "Su Origen". Gran Enciclopedia Virtual Islas Canarias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019 – via www.gevic.net.

[112] "Official census statistics of the Canary Islands population". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[113] "La población en Canarias" (PDF). Ine.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

[extension-114] "Estadísticas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[canarias7.es-115] Suárez, Borja (25 June 2018). "El 91% de los nuevos habitantes de Canarias viene del extranjero". www.canarias7.es. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[ine_pop_19_birthplace-116] "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

[117] "Morocco People 2020, CIA World Factbook". theodora.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.

[ine_pop_cn_19_birthplace-118] "Estadística del Padrón Continuo a 1 de enero de 2019. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia (Canarias)". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.

[CIS2019Canarias-119] Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos – Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Canarias (aut.)" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

[120] "Pedro de San José Betancurt, Santo". Es.catholic.net. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

[121] "José de Anchieta, Santo". Es.catholic.net. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

[laopinion.es-122] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Tenerife, La Opinión de. "Un 5% de canarios profesa una religión minoritaria". Laopinion.es. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2015.

[123] Tenerife, La Opinión de. "Los musulmanes de la Isla constituyen la primera Federación Islámica de Canarias". Laopinion.es. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2016.

[124] "Frecuencias marginales unidimensionales del estudio 2956.5.0". Cis.es. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

[125] "Statistics". Gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[126] Santamarta, Juan; Rodríguez-Martín, Jesica (1 January 2013). INTRODUCTION TO WATER PROBLEMS IN CANARY ISLANDS. pp. 169–179. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via ResearchGate.

[127] Custodio, Emilio; Albiac, José; Cermerón, Manuel; Hernández, Marta; Llamas, M. Ramón; Sahuquillo, Andrés (1 September 2017). "Groundwater mining: benefits, problems and consequences in Spain". Sustainable Water Resources Management. 3 (3): 213–226. Bibcode:2017SWRM....3..213C. doi:10.1007/s40899-017-0099-2. S2CID 132272387.

[128] Kim, Soo (25 January 2018). "The Canary Islands could become the next holiday hotspot to introduce a tourist tax". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[RepsolCanary-129] "Spain's Repsol gets long awaited green signal to explore off Canary Islands". Spain News.Net. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.

[130] "Repsol completes its exploration well in the Canary Islands - repsol.com". Repsol.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

[131] Gils, Hans Christian; Simon, Sonja (2017). "Carbon neutral archipelago – 100% renewable energy supply for the Canary Islands". Applied Energy. 188: 342–355. Bibcode:2017ApEn..188..342G. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2021.

[webtenerife2-132] "Página Web Oficial de Turismo de Tenerife; El Teide". Webtenerife.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[territories-133] "Territorial status of EU countries and certain territories". taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.

[:2-134] "ISTAC: Estadísticas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Canarias". www.gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.

[135] "Macromagnitudes de Canarias por Islas (2015)". www.datosdelanzarote.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.

[136] "Canary Islands road map: Spain – Multimap". Multimap.de. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[137] "Cabildo announce changes to reduce massive traffic jams caused by GC1 daytime resurfacing work | The Canary – News, Views & Sunshine". Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[138] "Arona leads fight against south's "unbearable" traffic jams". Tenerife News – Official Website. 2 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[139] "Traffic – Information about the trafic on Canaria". www.canariainfo.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[140] "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria to Santa Cruz de Tenerife Ferry from $31 | Tickets & Timetables". Rome2rio. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[141] "Airport traffic". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[142] "AENA statistics for 2012" (PDF). Estadisticas.aena.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.

[143] "Passengers in airports". Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[144] "TURISTAS EXTRANJEROS ENTRADOS SEGÚN PAIS DE ORIGEN, POR ISLAS. 1997–2001". Gobiernodecanarias.org. 22 January 2003. Archived from the original on 22 January 2003.

[145] "Freight traffic". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[puertos.es-146] "04-CAPITULO 4-2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.

[www2.gobiernodecanarias.org-147] "TRÁFICO DE PASAJE REGISTRADO EN LOS PUERTOS. 1996–2007". gobiernodecanarias.org. Retrieved 20 September 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}

[148] "Gran Canaria Train". Playa-del-ingles.biz. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2010.

[149] "Aprobado el avance del proyecto del tren del norte de Tenerife con 7 paradas entre Los Realejos y S/C". Canarias7. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.

[150] "Airports by passenger traffic, 2010, July". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[151] "Hospitales pertenecientes al Servicio Canario de la Salud". gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.

[152] "La Paleontología de vertebrados en Canarias." Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Journal of Palaeontology (antes Revista Española de Paleontología). Consultado el 17 de junio de 2016.

[153] Algunas extinciones en Canarias Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias

[154] Illera, Juan Carlos; Spurgin, Lewis G.; Rodriguez-Exposito, E.; Nogales, Manuel; Rando, Juan Carlos (2016). "What are we learning about Speciation and Extinction from the Canary Islands?". Ardeola. 63 (1): 15–33. doi:10.13157/arla.63.1.2016.rp1. S2CID 55386208.

[155] Lissie Wright; Brian Groombridge (1982). The IUCN Amphibia-reptilia Red Data Book. IUCN. p. 140. ISBN 978-2-88032-601-2.

[156] Kovacs, K.M. (2016). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T6204A45225150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6204A45225150.en. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[157] "Calendario oficial en Canarias". Sede.gobcan.es. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

[158] "Programa de las Fiestas de la Virgen de Candelaria. Agosto de 2017" (PDF). Webtenerfife.ru. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

[159] "Candelaria se prepara para recibir en agosto a 150.000 devotos de la Virgen". Diariodeavisos.elespanol.com. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

[160] "Fiestas insulares de Canarias" (PDF). Ccooendesa.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

[esa-page-161] "Maspalomas station". European Space Agency. Archived from the original on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.

[162] Alonso, Javier (25 July 2015). "El Heliodoro Rodríguez López cumple 90 años". Vavel.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[163] "Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López". Lovecanarias.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[164] "Canary Islands Stadiums". WorldStadiums.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.

[ctspanish.com-165] "The Canary Islands". Ctspanish.com. 21 October 1971. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[166] "Transgrancanaria (English website)". Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2018.

[ironman-167] "IMLanzarote". www.ironman.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[ironmanhistory-168] "Ironman Lanzarote". Web de Lanzarote (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[Note 1]

v t e Cultural domain of the Canary Islands
Category Commons
History	Guanches Bimbache Pre-colonial times Conquest Treaty of Alcáçovas First Battle of Acentejo Kingdom of the Canary Islands Battle of Aguere Second Battle of Acentejo Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) Spanish transition Autonomous community Canarian Parliament	G-clef
Languages	Guanche^† Canarian (Spanish) Gomeran Whistle
Mythology	Gara and Jonay Achamán Achuguayo Achuhucanac Chaxiraxi Chijoraji Guayota Magec Maxios Tibicena
Historic sites	Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas) Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife) Castillo de San José Caves of Valeron Four Doors cave Guayadeque ravine Las Palmas Cathedral El Maipés Necropolis Museo Canario Painted Cave, Galdar Church of San Juan Bautista
Museums and galleries	Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz Atlantic Center of Modern Art Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife Castillo de San José Elder Museum of Science and Technology Museo Canario Museum of the History of Tenerife Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife Museum of Science and the Cosmos Tenerife Espacio de las Artes
Cuisine	Almogrote Canarian arepa Canarian wrinkly potatoes Gofio Malvasia Majorero Miel de palma Mojo Pasteles Ropa vieja Sancocho Sangria Tropical beer Wines
Musical instruments	Chácaras Timple
Traditions	Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Carnival of Las Palmas Bajada (festival) Cavalcade of Magi Holy Week Virgin of Candelaria Cristo de La Laguna Akelarre
Sports	Bola canaria Canarian wrestling Juego del Palo Salto del pastor Open Lanzarote Island Open Costa Adeje
Symbols places of the Canary Islands	Teide Auditorio de Tenerife Garajonay Caldera de Taburiente
Spain portal Islands portal

v t e Autonomous communities of Spain
Autonomous communities	Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Cantabria Castilla–La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Community of Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencian Community
Autonomous cities	Ceuta Melilla
Plazas de soberanía	Alhucemas Chafarinas Vélez de la Gomera

v t e Islands and provinces of the Canary Islands
Main islands	Fuerteventura Gran Canaria La Gomera El Hierro Lanzarote La Palma Tenerife
Other islands	Chinijo Archipelago Alegranza Graciosa Montaña Clara Roque del Este Roque del Oeste Lobos
Provinces	Las Palmas Santa Cruz de Tenerife

v t e Outlying territories of European countries
Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information).
Denmark	Greenland Faroe Islands
France	Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna
Netherlands	Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten
Norway	Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land
Portugal	Azores Madeira
Spain	Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands
United Kingdom	Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands

v t e Climate of Africa
Sovereign states	Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
States with limited recognition	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

Etymology

Islands

El Hierro

Fuerteventura

Gran Canaria

La Gomera

Lanzarote

Chinijo Archipelago

La Palma

Tenerife

La Graciosa

Data

Physical geography

Climate

Geology

Natural symbols

National parks

Politics

Governance

Political geography

Canarian nationalism

Defense

History

Ancient and pre-Hispanic times

Exploration

Castilian conquest

After the conquest and the introduction of slavery

18th to 19th century

Romantic period and scientific expeditions

Early 20th century

Franco regime

Self-governance

Capitals

Demographics

Religion

Roman Catholic Church

Other religions

Statistics

Population genetics

Economy and environment

Tourism statistics

GDP statistics

Transport

Rail transport

Airports

Ports

Health

Wildlife

Fauna

Extinct fauna

Marine life

Native flora gallery

Holidays

Science and technology

Sports

Notable athletes

See also

History

Geography

Culture

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links