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Nikolay Bobrikov

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Nikolay Bobrikov
Николай Бобриков
General Nikolay Bobrikov, c. 1900
Governor-General of Finland
In office
29 August [O.S. 17] 1898 – 17 June [O.S. 4] 1904
MonarchNicholas II
Preceded byFrederick Heiden
Succeeded byIvan Obolensky
Personal details
Born27 January [O.S. 15] 1839
Strelna, Petergof, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Died17 June [O.S. 4] 1904 (aged 65)
Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland
Resting placeTrinity Lavra of St. Sergius
Military service
Allegiance Russian Empire
Branch/serviceRussian Empire Russian Imperial Army
Years of service1858 – 1904
RankGeneral of the Infantry
CommandsFinnish Military District [ru]
Battles/warsRusso-Turkish War
AwardsSee below

Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov (Russian: Николай Иванович Бобриков; 27 January [O.S. 15 January] 1839 – 17 June [O.S. 4 June] 1904) was a Russian general and politician.[1] He was the Governor-General of Finland and the Finnish Military District [ru] from 29 August [O.S. 17] 1898 until his death, during the early reign of Emperor Nicholas II, and was responsible for the Russification attempt of Finland. After appointment as the governor-general, he quickly became very unpopular and was assassinated by Eugen Schauman, a Finnish nationalist born in Kharkiv.

Biography

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Early life

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Bobrikov's father Ivan Vasileyvich Bobrikov (1798–1883) was a military physician who had risen to the status of a member of the scientific council of the military medical board. His mother was the Baltic German Alexandra Seeland.

Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov was born on January 15, 1839 in the village of Strelna near Saint Petersburg and attended the 1st Cadet Corps. Upon graduation, he became a lieutenant and served in the Russian Imperial Guard. After which he served in the Kazan Military District and as divisional chief-of-staff in Novgorod. He became a colonel in 1869. A year later he was transferred to Saint Petersburg for special duties in the imperial guard. This gave Bobrikov access to the imperial court. In 1878 he became a major general.[citation needed]

Bobrikov was married in Kazan in 1867 to Olga Petrovna Leontyeva. The couple had five children. After Olga's death in 1895 Bobrikov was married again to Elizabeth (Yelizaveta Ivanovna) Staël von Holstein, the daughter of a general. The couple had a daughter. Bobrikov's only surviving son Nikolay Nikolayevich Bobrikov (1882–1956) followed in his father's footsteps and was promoted to colonel. One of Bobrikov's sons-in-law was the Norwegian-born Finnish officer Johannes Holmsen, who was later promoted to lieutenant general. Bobrikov was an energetic and capable man whose views were strongly Russian nationalistic.[2]: 273 

Bobrikov's daughter Lionbow Bobrikoff-Holmsen (1880–1939) was a lady-in-waiting at the imperial court in Saint Petersburg. She married the Norwegian-born general of the Russian army Johannes Holmsen. In the early days of World War I, Holmsen was captured by the Germans but later got to live in Norway, where he died after the Russian Revolution. His spouse escaped over the border to Sweden with her children after the revolution. They later lived as refugees in London, Berlin and Paris. Lionbow Bobrikoff-Holmsen died in Paris on 23 January 1939.[3]

Military career

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Boris Kustodiev, Nikolay Bobrikov, 1902–1903

Nikolay Bobrikov was promoted to an officer after finishing cadet school in 1858. He later got a degree at the Nikolay general staff academy, after which he was appointed to the general staff of the Kazan military district. From 1867 he served as the chief of staff at the 22nd infantry division in Novgorod. In 1869 he was promoted to colonel.[4]: 67 [2]: 273  In 1876 he was sent to Bucharest, Romania as the Russian military official[4]: 68  and in 1878 he was promoted to major general during the Russo-Turkish War.[4]: 67, 69 

in 1889, Emperor Alexander II of Russia appointed Bobrikov as a member of the special committee (Verhovnaya Rasporyaditelnaya Komissiya) led by Mikhail Loris-Melikov. The mission of the committee was to fight against the revolutionaries. Bobrikov was actively involved in investigating the bomb strike held at the Winter Palace in 1880.[4]: 69  In 1884 he was promoted to lieutenant general and he became the chief of staff of the guard and of the Saint Petersburg military district. He was promoted to general of the infantry in 1897.[2]: 273 [4]: 70 [5]: 15 

Governor-General of Finland

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A cartoon by Kaarlo Kari on 30 September 1898 in the magazine Matti Meikäläinen, showing Bobrikov at the start of his term as Governor-General of Finland, being given the Constitution of Finland to read.

In 1898, Tsar Nicholas II appointed Bobrikov as the Governor-General of Finland as well as the Finnish Military District.

Upon appointment, he introduced a Russification programme into the Grand Duchy, the 11 main points were:

  • Unification of the Finnish army.
  • Restricting the power of the Minister–Secretary of State.
  • Introducing of a special programme for dealing with cases common to the empire and the grand duchy.
  • Adoption of the Russian language as the official language of the Senate, education and administration.
  • Bringing the University of Helsinki and secondary schools under tighter control of the Russian authorities.
  • Allowing Russian citizens to hold offices in Finland.
  • Discontinuation of the Finnish markka.
  • Removal of the customs border between Finland and Russia, as well as merging the Finnish Customs into that of Russia.
  • Introduction of Russian newspapers into Finland to spread the official viewpoint of the Russian government.
  • Redesign of the festive celebrations of the Diet of Finland.
  • Redesign of the directive of the Governor-General of Finland.

Bobrikov quickly became very unpopular and hated in Finland as he was an adamant supporter of the curtailing of the grand duchy's extensive autonomy, which had in the late 1800s come into conflict with Russian ambitions of a unified and indivisible Russian state. In 1899, Nicholas II signed the "February Manifesto" which marked the beginning of the first "Years of Oppression" (sortovuodet) from the traditional Finnish perspective. In this manifesto the tsar decreed that the Diet of the Estates of Finland could be overruled in legislation if it was in Russian imperial interest. Half a million Finns, considering the decree a coup against the Finnish constitution, signed a petition to Nicholas II, requesting to revoke the manifesto. The tsar did not even receive the delegation bringing the petition.[1]

In 1900, Bobrikov issued orders that all correspondence between government offices was to be conducted in Russian and that education in the Russian language was to be increased in schools. The Finnish army was abolished in 1901, and Finnish conscripts could now be forced to serve with Russian troops anywhere in the Russian empire. To the first call-up in 1902, only 42% of the conscripts showed up. In 1905, conscription in Finland was abolished since Finns were seen as unreliable.[1] In 1903, Bobrikov was given dictatorial powers by the tsar so that he could dismiss government officials and close newspapers.

Interview on 1 March 1899

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Journalist Valfrid Spångberg of the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet visited Bobrikov on 1 March 1899 to ask a few questions about the February Manifesto.[6]

Spångberg: "How does Your Highness find the Finns and conditions in Finland, better or worse than what you had expected?"

Bobrikov: "Neither. The view I had had earlier about this has generally strengthened. The internal order in Finland is excellent, and the Finns are a lawful and patriotic people, which I greatly respect, as I do the Senate and the Estates. But their point of view and mine differ in many parts. As soon as they come to realise that the Russian government means the best for them I will be convinced we will get along perfectly."

Spångberg: "How does the Finnish press do its duty?"

Bobrikov: "Not to my full satisfaction. I am a friend of the press, but the Finnish newspapers are accustomed to a way of speaking that I cannot accept, and they present views which I feel cannot do anything else than spread discomfort and cause damage. It is not the place of the press to comment negatively on the actions of the highest authorities."

Bobrikov and the February Manifesto

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A protest against the February Manifesto at the Senate Square in Helsinki on 13 March 1899.[7]

Bobrikov was involved in creating the February Manifesto, which became a cornerstone for systematic Russification of Finland.[5]: 20 [8]: 57–58  Because of this, the Finns gathered the Great Petition bearing the names of half a million Finns. The petition took Bobrikov by complete surprise and he was angry that such an act had been undertaken, he viewed the entire petition as illegal.[2]: 274 [9]: 442  After the publication of the manifesto Bobrikov said: "All people in Finland who are capable of thinking are satisfied with the Emperor's manifesto."[6]: 63  To support his opinions in Finland, in 1900 Bobrikov founded the Russian-language newspaper Finlandskaya Gazeta funded with government support, whose early issues were also published in Finnish under the name Suomen Sanomat.[10]

Russian peddlers and rumours of land redistribution

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Russian fruit merchants at the Hakaniemi Market Square in Helsinki in 1907.[11]

As Governor-General of Finland, Bobrikov sought to get the landless people and the poor in Finland on his side. However, the Finns did not trust Bobrikov's promises, but instead thought it was a plot.[12]: 21 [13]: 182–182  About 1000 to 2000 "laukkuryssäs" ("bag Russians"), meaning peddlers from White Karelia, circulated the country, spreading rumours of how excellently Russia had handled things for the landless people and for the farmers. They said that land redistribution for free would begin soon. These rumours started appearing more and more often since February 1899. To combat this, the labour movement, youth societies and students such as Eugen Schauman started educating people about what the circumstances in Russia were really like.[8]: 246–252 [13]: 182–187 [2]: 276 [9]: 464  The Porvoo-based newspaper Uusimaa claimed that the rumours had originated from the Moskovskiye Vedomosti secret Finnish correspondent P. I. Messarosch. In 1897 he had published a book, according to which Finland should be assimilated into the Russian Empire, and he acted as an informant to Bobrikov. Messarosch left Finland in spring 1900.[8]: 253 

The Swedish journalist Valfrid Spångberg said that the Russians had sent agents into the midst of the landless people in Finland, such as they had already done to other states around the Baltic Sea, when they had tried to coax people into converting to the Orthodox faith. The jurist professor Wilhelm Chydenius wrote that Bobrikov was responsible for spreading the rumours.[8]: 254 [6]: 126–131  The Finlandskya Gazeta claimed in 1900 that only the Russian officials were true friends of the Finnish peasants.[8]: 255  According to Senator Gripenberg, the agitation done by the Russian peddlers was an act of purposeful spreading of distrust between the different social classes in Finland.[8]: 256  In Finland people generally did not trust the Russian peddlers, except possibly in the countryside. By Bobrikov's initiative, a law was passed on 2 July 1900 making the Russian peddler trade legal.[8]: 255–256 [4]: 217–218 

Assassination

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Main article: Assassination of Nikolay Bobrikov
A drawing of the assassination by an unknown artist
Governor-general Nikolay Bobrikov's casket at the Eastern Orthodox Uspenski Cathedral in Helsinki, before being transported to St. Petersburg

On June 16, 1904, Bobrikov was assassinated by Eugen Schauman in Helsinki. Schauman shot Bobrikov three times and then himself twice. Schauman died instantly, while Bobrikov, mortally wounded, died at the hospital in the early hours of the following morning.[1] It was described as the following (Old Style dates):

On June 3, at 11:00 am, in the Senate building on the second floor staircase, an attempt was made on the life of the Finnish governor-general and commander of the troops, Adjutant-General N. I. Bobrikov; an official of the main school management in Finland and a former employee of the Senate, the son of a former senator, Yevgeny Shauman fired three shots at the governor-general. One bullet hit the neck is not dangerous, another contusil, hitting the order, the third - in the stomach. On giving first aid to a Russian doctor, the governor-general was moved home. Doctors recognized the need to produce an early operation. The wounded man took communion. After the abdomen, the bullet was removed. Many blood clots have been found; part of the small intestine wounded by the bullet was removed. The wounded man died quietly on the night of June 4th. The criminal shot himself on the spot.[This quote needs a citation]

Honours and awards

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Domestic

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Kauffman, George B.; Niinistö, Lauri (1998). "Chemistry and Politics: Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (1855–1921)". The Chemical Educator. 3 (5): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s00897980247a. S2CID 97163876.
  2. ^ a b c d e Blomstedt, Kaarlo: Kansallinen elämänkerrasto, volume 1. WSOY, Porvoo 1927.
  3. ^ Suomen ent. kenr. kuvernöörin Bobrikoffin tytär kuollut, Helsingin Sanomat 30 January 1939, issue #28, p. 7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Polvinen, Tuomo: Valtakunta ja rajamaa. N. I. Bobrikov Suomen kenraalikuvernöörinä 1898 - 1904. WSOY 1984. ISBN 951-0-12660-8.
  5. ^ a b Juva, Einar W.: Suomen kansan aikakirjat VIII, Otava 1935.
  6. ^ a b c Spångberg, Valfrid: Coup d'etat in Finland in 1899. A few notes, Stockholm 1899, pp. 97-98.
  7. ^ Strandberg, Axel: Mielenosoitus Helmikuun manifestia vastaan Senaatintorilla, Finna. Accessed on 26 January 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Tommila, Päiviö: Suuri addressi, WSOY 1999. ISBN 951-0-23454-0.
  9. ^ a b Pohjolan-Pirhonen, Helge; Aalto, Teemu; Virtanen, Kari O.: Kansakunnan historia 2: Autonomian aika. WSOY, Helsinki 1984. ISBN 951-0-12234-3
  10. ^ Polvinen, Tuomo: "Bobrikov, Nikolai Ivanovitsh (1839–1904)", Suomen kansallisbiografia, volume 1, pp. 694-697. Helsinki, Finnish Literature Society 2003. ISBN 951-746-442-8.
  11. ^ Brander, Signe: Venäläisiä hedelmäkauppiaita Hakaniementorilla, Finna. Accessed on 26 January 2020.
  12. ^ Wegelius, K. A.: Routaa ja rautaa 1. WSOY, Porvoo 1926.
  13. ^ a b Zetterberg, Seppo: Viisi laukausta senaatissa, Otava 1986. ISBN 951-50-0398-9.

Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov.
  • Lavery, Jason Edward (2006). The history of Finland. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313328374.
  • Thaden, Edward, ed. (1981). Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691615295.
  • Polvinen, Tuomo (1995). Imperial borderland : Bobrikov and the attempted Russification of Finland, 1898–1904. London: Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1850652298.
Political offices
Preceded by Governor-General of Finland
1898–1904 		Succeeded by
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