Adolph Fischer
Adolph Fischer | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1858 |
| Died | November 11, 1887 (age 28-29) |
| Cause of death | Execution by hanging |
| Occupation | Printer |
| Criminal status | Executed |
| Conviction(s) | Conspiracy to commit murder |
| Criminal penalty | Death |
Adolph Fischer (1858 – November 11, 1887) was an anarchist and labor union activist tried and executed after the Haymarket Riot.
Early life
[edit]Adolph Fischer immigrated to the United States in 1873 at the age of 15. He became an apprentice compositor in a printing shop in Little Rock, Arkansas. Later, in 1879, he moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he joined the German Typographical Union and in 1881, married Johanna Pfauntz (they had three children – one daughter and two sons). Adolph and his wife moved in 1881 to Nashville, Tennessee, where he worked for his brother as a compositor for Anzeiger des Südens, a journal for German immigrants.[1]
In 1883, he moved his family to Chicago, where he became a compositor at the Arbeiter-Zeitung, a pro-labor newspaper run by August Spies and Michael Schwab. It was around then that he also joined the International Working People's Association and the Lehr und Wehr Verein, a radical offshoot which was formed to teach workers to defend themselves.
Haymarket Riot
[edit]Pre-riot
[edit]After the riot at the McCormick Reaper Plant on May 3, 1886, Fischer attended a meeting at Greif's Hall, on Lake Street, to formulate a response. This was the infamous "Monday Night Conspiracy" which prosecution used to prove foreknowledge of the bombing the following day. Also in attendance were George Engel and Godfried Waller, who chaired the meeting and who later testified for the state in return for immunity (Waller was also arrested after the bombing).
The meeting concluded with a plan for a meeting the following night in the Haymarket. Fischer was charged with printing handbills to announce the meeting. The first handbills, which were printed in English and German, contained the line "Workingmen, arm yourselves and appear in full force."[2] Spies, who had been invited to speak at the meeting refused unless this line was removed, so Fischer prepared another circular without the offending line.[3]
Riot
[edit]Fischer attended the Haymarket meeting the following night and listened to speeches by Spies, Albert Parsons, and Samuel Fielden. Towards the end of Fielden's speech, he went to a local saloon, Zepf's Hall, which is where he was when the bomb and resulting riot occurred. After the commotion, he went home. He was arrested the following day. According to police he had in his possession at the time of his arrest, a loaded revolver, a sharpened file and a fulminating cap, used to detonate bombs.
Trial
[edit]The evidence presented against Fischer at trial consisted mainly of his role in the Monday Night Conspiracy and his role in printing the Haymarket circulars. His membership in the Lehr und Wehr Verein was also highlighted. Waller testified that Fischer had been the one who proposed the Haymarket meeting (Fischer claimed it was Waller) and that they should be ready to attack the police should there be any trouble.[4] He also testified that Fischer had given him a bomb the year previously, which he stated used against the police.[5] Another witness claimed that Fischer was standing with the bomb thrower at the time of the bombing.[6]
Fischer was convicted with the rest of the eight and, except for one who were given prison sentences, was sentenced to death by hanging.[7]
After two of his fellow defendants wrote to Illinois governor, Richard James Oglesby, Fischer pointedly refused to ask for clemency. He was hanged on November 11, 1887, along with Spies, Parsons and George Engel. His last words were, "Hurrah for anarchy! This is the happiest moment of my life!"[8]
He and most of the other Haymarket martyrs are buried at the Haymarket Martyrs' Monument in Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois.
Post-riot family life
[edit]After Adolph's death, his wife Johanna and children returned to the St. Louis area, living near her brother Rudolph Pfountz in Maplewood, a suburb of St Louis, Missouri.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Wood, E. Thomas (May 2, 2008). "Nashville now and then: A fatal fervor". NashvillePost.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ "Illinois vs. August Spies et al. trial evidence book. People's Exhibit 5. "Attention Workingmen" flier, 1886 May 4." Archived December 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ "Illinois vs. August Spies et al. trial evidence book. Defense Exhibit 1. "Attention Workingmen" flier, 1886 May 4." Archived December 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ "Illinois vs. August Spies et al. trial transcript no. 1. Testimony of Godfried Waller (first appearance), 1886 July 16. Volume I, 53-75, 23 p." Archived December 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ "Illinois vs. August Spies et al. trial transcript no. 1. Testimony of Godfried Waller (first appearance resumed), 1886 July 16. Volume I, 96-100, 5 p." Archived December 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ "Illinois vs. August Spies et al. trial transcript no. 1. Testimony of Harry L. Gilmer (first appearance), 1886 July 28. Volume K, 405-497, 93 p." Archived April 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Historical Society.
- ^ Linder, Douglas O. "Meet the Haymarket Defendants." Archived December 31, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Famous Trials: The Haymarket Riot Trial (State of Illinois v. Albert Spies, et al.). University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Law. Accessed December 30, 2017.
- ^ Avrich, Paul (1984). The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-691-00600-0. Archived from the original on February 11, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
Works
[edit]- Autobiography of Adolph Fischer
- The Accused the Accusers: The Famous Speeches of the Chicago Anarchists in Court: On October 7th, 8th, and 9th, 1886, Chicago, Illinois. Chicago: Socialistic Publishing Society, n.d. [1886].
Further reading
[edit]- David, Henry. The History of the Haymarket Affair. New York: Collier Books, 1963.
External links
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| Related | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
- 1858 births
- 1887 deaths
- Politicians from Bremen (city)
- 19th-century executions by the United States
- Haymarket affair
- American anarchists
- Executed anarchists
- German anarchists
- Executed people from Bremen (state)
- American people executed for murdering police officers
- German people convicted of murdering police officers
- Politicians from Chicago
- Burials at Forest Home Cemetery, Chicago
- 19th-century executions of American people
- People convicted of murder by Illinois
- People executed by Illinois by hanging
- Anarcho-communists
- American trade unionists of German descent
- 1886 murders in the United States
- Trade unionists from Illinois
- Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
- Executed trade unionists