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Four corners (Canada)

Coordinates: 59°59′57.9689″N 102°00′27.1758″W / 59.999435806°N 102.007548833°W / 59.999435806; -102.007548833
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Map highlighting the corners of the four Canadian provinces and territories which meet.
Map showing all survey monuments within 6 km of the four corners
Map showing all survey monuments within 600 m of the four corners
NASA photo showing Kasba Lake and the four corners

The four corners is a quadripoint near 60° N 102° W where four Canadian provinces or territories meet.[1][2] These are the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan and the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut.[1] It came into being with the creation of Nunavut on April 1, 1999.

Geography

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The four corners area is located between Kasba Lake to the north and Hasbala Lake to the south. It is located by an area of marginal taiga forest, which happens to be the only place in Nunavut which is not Arctic tundra or ice cap.[2] It is hundreds of kilometres from any road or railway, but can be accessed from nearby Kasba Lake Airport/Water Aerodrome as well as from Points North Landing near Wollaston Lake.[3]

During the winter of 1961–1962 (37 years prior the formation of Nunavut), a survey crew led by Lionel E. Boutiler installed 85 survey monuments along the northernmost section of the Saskatchewan–Manitoba border.[4][5] The crew worked from south to north along the Second Meridian as defined in the system of Dominion Land Surveys. The final monument, designated No. 157, officially marked the intersection of the boundaries of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories. Unlike the standard survey monuments along the provincial and territorial borders, Monument 157 is an aluminum obelisk that stands about one metre tall. Photos can be seen in the original survey report.[4] On the top of the monument is a cap that states "5 years imprisonment for removal".[3]

The exact location of Monument 157 (measured with modern GPS technologies) is 59°59′57.9689″N 102°00′27.1758″W / 59.999435806°N 102.007548833°W / 59.999435806; -102.007548833 (NAD83).[6] This places it roughly 421 metres west of 102° W and roughly 63 metres south of 60°N. Elevation is 347.9 metres.[7]

The establishment of Nunavut in 1999 led to the creation of Canada's only quadripoint. In the legal definition of Nunavut, its border is specified as "Commencing at the intersection of 60°00′ N latitude with 102°00′ W longitude, being the intersection of the Manitoba, Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan borders".[8] Since the intersection does not lie exactly at those coordinates, the laws left a legal ambiguity regarding the exact commencement point of the boundary.

In 2014, the Survey General Branch (SGB) of Natural Resources Canada acknowledged there was a problem with the legal boundary definition; it decided that the boundary should commence at Monument 157.[9] Specifically it decided that the first leg of the boundary should be a 472 km geodesic line running from Monument 157 to the first turning point at 64°14′N 102°00′W(NAD27).[10] This decision confirmed that in the eyes of Natural Resources Canada, the two territories and two provinces do indeed meet at a quadripoint.

In September 2014, the federal government paid for an official survey of the 472 km line. The survey crew, following instructions from the SGB, installed 48 new Canada Lands survey monuments along the geodesic line.[6] As of 2021, the ambiguous legislation has not been repealed or updated to acknowledge the existence of the surveyed boundary, but based on legal precedent from the Dominion Land Survey, the surveyed boundary legally prevails over the description of the boundary in the original legislation.

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  • The obelisk as seen from the Manitoba (southeast) side, with a survey tower in the territories
    The obelisk as seen from the Manitoba (southeast) side, with a survey tower in the territories
  • The disk on top of the obelisk
    The disk on top of the obelisk
  • Installation of obelisk on April 6, 1962
    Installation of obelisk on April 6, 1962
  • Survey crew photographed after the installation of obelisk on April 6, 1962
    Survey crew photographed after the installation of obelisk on April 6, 1962

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hill, Tony L. (2002). Canadian politics, riding by riding: an in-depth analysis of Canada's 301 federal electoral districts. Minneapolis: Prospect Park Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0972343602. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Nunavut". Welcome to Canada. Canadian Tourism Development Corporation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  3. ^ a b Butler, Brian J. "Manitoba - Northwest Territories - Nunavut - Saskatchewan Multi-point". The Corner Corner. BJB Software. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
  4. ^ a b Boutiler (1962). "Monuments # 72 to the 60th Parallel (eng; CAN)" (pdf). Canada Lands Surveys. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  5. ^ Boutiler (1962). "Mon. 72 to the 60th Parallel Winter Diary (eng; CAN)" (pdf). Canada Lands Surveys. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Stevens (2014). "Field Notes of Survey of 472 Kilometres of Artificial Boundaries on Canada Lands Between Northwest Territories and Nunavut Mining Districts, Quads 64 M/16, 65 D/01, 65 D/08, 65 D/09, 65 D/16, 65 E/01, 65 E/08, 65 E/09, 65 E/16, 65 L/01, 65 L/08, 65 L/09, 65 L/16, 65 M/01, 65 M/08, 65 M/09, 65 M/16 AND 66 D/01, 2 Sheets (eng; CAN)" (pdf). Canada Lands Surveys. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  7. ^ Stevens (2014). "Survey Report for Field Notes of Survey of 472 Kilometres of Artificial Boundaries on Canada Lands Between Northwest Territories and Nunavut Mining Districts (eng; CAN)" (pdf). Canada Lands Surveys. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  8. ^ "Schedule I (Section 3) Western Boundary of Nunavut". Justice Laws Website. Government of Canada. 1993. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  9. ^ "Canada's Boundaries and Geodetic Foundation: Surveyor General Branch Biennial Review 2014–2016" (PDF). Canada Lands Surveys. Government of Canada. 2016. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  10. ^ "Request for Proposal - Legal survey" (PDF). Buyandsell.gc.ca. Government of Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
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