Battle of the Morannon

In J. R. R. Tolkien's epic fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, the Battle of the Morannon or the Battle of the Black Gate is the final confrontation in the War of the Ring. Gondor and its allies send a small army ostensibly to challenge Sauron at the entrance to his land of Mordor; he supposes that they have with them the One Ring and mean to use it to defeat him. In fact, the Ring is being carried by the hobbits Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee into Mordor to destroy it in Mount Doom, and the army is moving to distract Sauron from them. Before the battle, a nameless leader, the "Mouth of Sauron", taunts the leaders of the army with the personal effects of Frodo and Sam. Battle is joined, but just as it seems the army of Gondor will be overwhelmed, the Ring is destroyed, and the forces of Sauron lose heart. Mount Doom erupts, and Sauron's tower, Barad-dûr, collapses, along with the Black Gate. The army of Gondor returns home victorious, the War of the Ring won.

Context

The final battle against Sauron in the War of the Ring, fought at the Morannon, the Black Gate of Mordor. The Army of the West, led by Aragorn, marched on the gate to distract Sauron's attention from the hobbits Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee, who were dangerously carrying the One Ring into Mordor. It was hoped that Sauron would think Aragorn had the Ring and was now trying to use it to overthrow Mordor. As the journey progressed, Aragorn was credited openly as "the King Elessar" by their heralds to challenge Sauron.^{[T 1]}

Aragorn had around 7,000 soldiers of Gondor and Rohan, some 6,000 foot and 1,000 horse. The army included King Éomer of Rohan; Prince Imrahil of Dol Amroth; Elladan & Elrohir, the twin sons of Elrond; Beregond, a Guard of the Citadel of Minas Tirith; and five of the eight^[a] surviving members of the Fellowship of the Ring (Aragorn, Gandalf, Legolas, Gimli and Pippin).^{[T 1]}

They were ambushed by Orcs and Easterlings on the very spot where Faramir and the Rangers of Ithilien had ambushed a company of Haradrim some two weeks earlier, but the enemy was beaten back without much loss. Aragorn realized that this was an intentionally weak feint, meant to lure them into thinking that Sauron's army was exhausted. Later, some whose fear overcame them were sent to retake and hold the island of Cair Andros. Thus the Army of the West was less than 6,000 strong at the Black Gate.^{[T 2]}

Battle

The battle took place on 25 March. Before the battle began, Sauron sent the Black Númenórean called the Mouth of Sauron to speak with the Captains of the West. He tried to trick Gandalf into believing Sauron held Frodo captive, displaying as evidence Sam's sword, an Elven cloak, and Frodo's mithril shirt. The Mouth threatened that Frodo would be tortured if the West did not agree to Sauron's terms of surrender. Gandalf took the items from the Mouth of Sauron, and dismissed him.^{[T 2]}

The forces of Sauron advanced and surrounded the Army of the West. Sauron's army outnumbered that of the West by at least ten to one. The Army of the West divided itself into two rings upon hills of rubble opposite the gate: Aragorn, Gandalf, and the sons of Elrond "with the Dúnedain about them" were on the left, with Éomer, Imrahil, and the Knights of Dol Amroth on the right. Against them were hordes of Orcs, Trolls, and Men, Easterlings and Haradrim. The Olog-hai, improved versions of Trolls, appeared for the first time.^{[T 2]} During the battle, the hobbit Pippin Took, marching as a Guard of the Citadel of Minas Tirith, killed a Troll. The surviving Nazgûl hovered over the Army of the West and spread fear and confusion. The giant Eagles of the Misty Mountains, led by Gwaihir the Windlord, attacked the Ringwraiths.^{[T 2]}

At that moment, when all hope seemed lost, Frodo put on the One Ring, revealing to Sauron that Frodo was inside Mount Doom, and the Ring was in peril. He immediately summoned the Nazgûl from the battle to intercept Frodo; the army of Mordor, bereft of Sauron's attention, was thrown into disarray. Gollum bit the Ring off Frodo's finger. As Gollum celebrated, he fell with the ring into the Crack of Doom, destroying Sauron's power. The Nazgûl perished.^{[T 3]} Barad-dûr, the Black Gate and the Towers of the Teeth collapsed as their foundations were built with the power of the Ring.^{[T 3]} Sauron perished; his gigantic shadow formed in the sky and reached out in wrath, but was blown away and his spirit was left forever bodiless and impotent.^{[T 4]}

The Orcs and other creatures of Sauron were left directionless with his demise, and were easily defeated by the Army of the West. Some killed themselves, while others fled. The proud Easterlings and Haradrim fought on bravely, though eventually many surrendered, to be sent home in peace by Aragorn as he established the renewed and united Kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor.^{[T 4]}

Interpretations

Christianity

The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien, a Roman Catholic, comes very close to allegory and writing about Christian revelation in moments of what Tolkien called "eucatastrophe". When the One Ring is destroyed and Sauron is overthrown for ever, an eagle comes as messenger to report the glad news. The eagle sings a song that, Shippey notes, sounds very much like Psalms 24 and 33 in the Bible, complete with Authorised Version words like "ye" and "hath". When the eagle sings "and the Black Gate is broken", Shippey writes, the surface meaning is the Gate of the Morannon, but it could "very easily apply to Death and Hell", as in Matthew 16:18. In his view, this degree of double meaning was "deliberate", as the date was 25 March, for the Anglo-Saxons the date of Christ's Crucifixion, and the Annunciation, and the last day of Creation.^[1]

Courage

The Tolkien critic Paul H. Kocher states that while commentators have noted the "self-sacrificial courage" of the hobbits Frodo and Sam crossing Mordor to destroy the One Ring, far fewer had spoken of the "equal if less solitary unselfish daring" of the 7,000 men who offered battle at the Morannon. Kocher notes that if Frodo and Sam had completed their mission an hour later, the whole army would have been lost, given the "desperate" odds; the hobbits saved the army, but just as much, the army "saved the hobbits and so the West".^[2]

20th century parallels

Commentators have drawn parallels between the Mouth of Sauron and notable figures during World War II: Gandalf's refusal to negotiate with a mere mouthpiece of Sauron and turning down his master's harsh terms of occupation was described as an echo of Winston Churchill by Daniel Timmons,^[3] while Shippey compared the Mouth of Sauron's offer of peace in exchange for the Army of the West's surrender in slavery to Vichy France under Nazi German occupation.^[4]

Psychological quest

Gregory Bassham and Eric Bronson's The Hobbit and Philosophy notes that the hobbit Pippin, who starts out on the quest playful and childish, is radically altered by his experiences, as shown by his killing of a troll in the Battle of the Morannon.^[5]

Adaptations

In 1957, Morton Grady Zimmerman and colleagues proposed to Tolkien with a screenplay that they make a film of Lord of the Rings combining animation, miniatures and live action. The final drama of the Battle of the Black Gate was to feature Gandalf's turning each of the ringwraiths to stone in front of the watching armies. Tolkien was strongly opposed to their approach and nothing came of it.^[7]

Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Return of the King is interspersed with scenes of Frodo and Sam at Mount Doom, and focuses mainly on the characters of Gandalf, Aragorn, and the rest of the Fellowship. Aragorn fights a troll, a departure from the book;^[8]^[9] Large numbers of extras were used for the battle, and some hundreds of soldiers from New Zealand's army to give an impression of the battle's enormous scale.^[6] Jackson had at one stage intended Aragorn to fight the Dark Lord Sauron in person, but "wisely" reduced this to combat with a troll.^[10]

The Mouth of Sauron appears in the extended edition of The Return of the King, where he is played by Bruce Spence, though his scenes are cut in the theatrical release. This version of the character has a diseased and disfigured appearance: a helmet covers Spence's entire face except the mouth, which is digitally increased to disproportionate size and disfigured by blackened, cracked lips and rotting teeth.^[11] According to director's commentary bundled with the film's extended edition DVD release, the idea behind this visual interpretation is that the repetition of Sauron's messages has such an evil effect that it has warped the character's body.^[12]

References

^ Frodo and Sam were in Mordor, and Merry remained in Minas Tirith recovering from the effects of attacking the Witch-king

Primary

^ ^a ^b Tolkien 1955, "The Last Debate"
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tolkien 1955, "The Black Gate Opens"
^ ^a ^b Tolkien 1955, "Mount Doom"
^ ^a ^b Tolkien 1955, "The Field of Cormallen"

Secondary

^ Shippey 2005, pp. 226–227.
^ Kocher, Paul (1974) [1972]. Master of Middle-earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien. Penguin Books. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-14-003877-4.
^ Timmons, Daniel (2006). Croft, Janet Brennan (ed.). Tolkien and Shakespeare: essays on shared themes and language. McFarland & Co. p. 87. ISBN 0-7864-2827-9.
^ Shippey 2005, pp. 175–176.
^ Bassham, Gregory; Bronson, Eric (2012). The Hobbit and Philosophy: For When You've Lost Your Dwarves, Your Wizard, and Your Way. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-470-40514-7.
^ ^a ^b Wilkinson, Matthew (21 January 2020). "Lord Of The Rings: 10 Hidden Details From Return Of The King". ScreenRant. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Stratyner, Leslie; Keller, James R. (21 January 2015). Fantasy Fiction into Film: Essays. McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4766-1135-8.
^ Evans, Willy (3 March 2018). "15 Secrets You Didn't Know Behind The Making Of Lord Of The Rings". Screenrant. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
^ Leitch, Thomas (2009). Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From Gone with the Wind to The Passion of the Christ. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8018-9187-8.
^ Rateliff, John D. (2011). "Two Kinds of Absence". In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.). Picturing Tolkien. McFarland. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7.
^ Russell, Gary (2004). The Art Of The Lord Of The Rings. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-618-51083-2.
^ Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens (2004). Director/Writers' Special Extended Edition commentary (DVD). New Line Cinema.

Sources

Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.
Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.

[2] Frodo and Sam were in Mordor, and Merry remained in Minas Tirith recovering from the effects of attacking the Witch-king

[The_Last_Debate-1] Tolkien 1955, "The Last Debate"

[mouth-3] Tolkien 1955, "The Black Gate Opens"

[Mount_Doom-4] Tolkien 1955, "Mount Doom"

[The_Field_of_Cormallen-5] Tolkien 1955, "The Field of Cormallen"

[FOOTNOTEShippey2005226–227-6] Shippey 2005, pp. 226–227.

[7] Kocher, Paul (1974) [1972]. Master of Middle-earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien. Penguin Books. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-14-003877-4.

[8] Timmons, Daniel (2006). Croft, Janet Brennan (ed.). Tolkien and Shakespeare: essays on shared themes and language. McFarland & Co. p. 87. ISBN 0-7864-2827-9.

[FOOTNOTEShippey2005175–176-9] Shippey 2005, pp. 175–176.

[BasshamBronson2012-10] Bassham, Gregory; Bronson, Eric (2012). The Hobbit and Philosophy: For When You've Lost Your Dwarves, Your Wizard, and Your Way. John Wiley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-470-40514-7.

[Wilkinson_2020-11] Wilkinson, Matthew (21 January 2020). "Lord Of The Rings: 10 Hidden Details From Return Of The King". ScreenRant. Retrieved 25 May 2020.

[StratynerKeller2015-12] Stratyner, Leslie; Keller, James R. (21 January 2015). Fantasy Fiction into Film: Essays. McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4766-1135-8.

[13] Evans, Willy (3 March 2018). "15 Secrets You Didn't Know Behind The Making Of Lord Of The Rings". Screenrant. Retrieved 16 April 2020.

[Leitch2009-14] Leitch, Thomas (2009). Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From Gone with the Wind to The Passion of the Christ. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8018-9187-8.

[BogstadKaveny2011-15] Rateliff, John D. (2011). "Two Kinds of Absence". In Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (eds.). Picturing Tolkien. McFarland. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7.

[16] Russell, Gary (2004). The Art Of The Lord Of The Rings. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-618-51083-2.

[17] Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens (2004). Director/Writers' Special Extended Edition commentary (DVD). New Line Cinema.

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