Femme fatale

A femme fatale (/ˌfɛm fəˈtæl, -ˈtɑːl/ FEM fə-TA(H)L, French: [fam fatal]; lit. 'fatal woman'), sometimes called a maneater,^[1] Mata Hari, or vamp, is a stock character of a mysterious, beautiful, and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, deadly traps. She is an archetype of literature and art. Her ability to enchant, entice and hypnotize her victim with a spell was in the earliest stories seen as verging on supernatural; hence, the femme fatale today is still often described as having a power akin to an enchantress, seductress, witch, having power over men. Femmes fatales are typically villainous, or at least morally ambiguous, and always associated with a sense of mystification, and unease.^[2]

The term originates from the French phrase femme fatale, which means 'deadly woman' or 'lethal woman'. A femme fatale tries to achieve her hidden purpose by using feminine wiles such as beauty, charm, or sexual allure. In many cases, her attitude towards sexuality is lackadaisical, intriguing, or frivolous. In some cases, she uses lies or coercion rather than charm. She may also make use of some subduing weapon such as sleeping gas, a modern analog of magical powers in older tales. She may also be (or imply that she is) a victim, caught in a situation from which she cannot escape.^[3]

In early 20th-century American films, a femme fatale character was referred to as a vamp, a reference to The Vampire, Philip Burne-Jones's 1897 painting, and Rudyard Kipling's later 1897 poem, and the 1909 play and 1915 film A Fool There Was.

Female mobsters (including Italian-American Mafia or Russian Mafia) have been portrayed as femmes fatales in films noir.^[4] Femmes fatales appear in James Bond films.

History

Ancient archetypes

The femme fatale archetype exists in the culture, folklore and myths of many cultures.^[5] Ancient mythical or legendary examples include Inanna, Lilith, Circe, Medea, Clytemnestra, Lesbia, Tamamo no Mae, and Visha Kanyas. Historical examples from classical times include Cleopatra and Messalina, as well as the biblical figures Delilah, Jezebel, and Salome.^[6] An example from Chinese literature and traditional history is Daji.

Early Western culture to the 19th century

The femme fatale was a common figure in the European Middle Ages, often portraying the dangers of unbridled female sexuality. The pre-medieval inherited biblical figure of Eve offers an example, as does the wicked, seductive enchantress typified in Morgan le Fay. The Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute shows her more muted presence during the Age of Enlightenment.^[7]

The femme fatale flourished in the Romantic period in the works of John Keats, notably "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and "Lamia". Along with them, there rose the gothic novel The Monk by Matthew Gregory Lewis, featuring Matilda, a very powerful femme fatale. This led to her appearing in the work of Edgar Allan Poe, and as the vampire, notably in Carmilla and Brides of Dracula. The Monk was greatly admired by the Marquis de Sade, for whom the femme fatale symbolised not evil, but all the best qualities of women; his novel Juliette is perhaps the earliest wherein the femme fatale triumphs. Pre-Raphaelite painters frequently used the classic personifications of the femme fatale as a subject.

In the Western culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the femme fatale became a more fashionable trope,^[8] and she is found in the paintings of the artists Edvard Munch, Gustav Klimt, Franz von Stuck, and Gustave Moreau. The novel À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans includes these fevered imaginings about an image of Salome in a Moreau painting:^[9]

No longer was she merely the dancing-girl who extorts a cry of lust and concupiscence from an old man by the lascivious contortions of her body; who breaks the will, masters the mind of a King by the spectacle of her quivering bosoms, heaving belly and tossing thighs; she was now revealed in a sense as the symbolic incarnation of world-old Vice, the goddess of immortal Hysteria, the Curse of Beauty supreme above all other beauties by the cataleptic spasm that stirs her flesh and steels her muscles, – a monstrous Beast of the Apocalypse, indifferent, irresponsible, insensible, poisoning.
— Joris-Karl Huysmans, À rebours, Sisters of Salome

In 1891, Oscar Wilde, in his play Salome: she manipulates her lust-crazed stepfather, King Herod, with her enticing Dance of the Seven Veils (Wilde's invention) to agree to her imperious demand: "bring me the head of John the Baptist". Later, Salome was the subject of an opera by Strauss, and was popularized on stage, screen, and peep show booths in countless incarnations.^[10]

She also is seen as a prominent figure in late 19th- and 20th-century opera, appearing in Richard Wagner's Parsifal (Kundry), Georges Bizet's "Carmen", Camille Saint-Saëns' "Samson et Delilah" and Alban Berg's "Lulu" (based on the plays "Erdgeist" and "Die Büchse der Pandora" by Frank Wedekind).

Other considerably famous femmes fatales include Isabella of France, Hedda Gabler of Kristiania (now Oslo), Marie Antoinette of Austria, and, most famously, Lucrezia Borgia.

20th-century genres

Early 20th century

Actress Theda Bara, in the film *A Fool There Was*

Mrs Patrick Campbell, George Bernard Shaw's "second famed platonic love affair", (she published some of his letters)^[11]^[12] and Philip Burne-Jones's lover and subject of his 1897 painting, The Vampire, inspired Burne-Jones's cousin Rudyard Kipling to write his poem "The Vampire", in the year Dracula was published.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] The poem, which began: "A fool there was ...",^[17] inspired Porter Emerson Browne to write the play, A Fool There Was.

The poem was adapted to become a 1909 Broadway production. This was followed by The 1913 film The Vampire by Robert Vignola, containing a "vamp" dance.^[18] Protagonist Alice Hollister was publicised as "the original vampire".^[19]^[20]^[21] The 1915 film, A Fool There Was, starring Theda Bara, as "The Vamp" followed.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28] The short poem may have been used in the publicity for the 1915 film.^{[citation needed]} 1910s American slang for femme fatale was vamp, for vampire.^[29]^[30]^[24]

Another icon is Margaretha Geertruida Zelle. While working as an exotic dancer, she took the stage name Mata Hari. She was accused of German espionage during World War I and was put to death by a French firing squad. After her death she became the subject of many sensational films and books.

Femmes fatales appear in detective fiction, especially in its 'hard-boiled' sub-genre which largely originated with the crime stories of Dashiell Hammett in the 1920s. At the end of that decade, the French-Canadian villainess Marie de Sabrevois gave a contemporary edge to the otherwise historical novels of Kenneth Roberts set during the American Revolution.

Film villainess often appeared foreign, often of Eastern European or Asian ancestry. They were a contrast to the wholesome personas of actresses such as Lillian Gish and Mary Pickford. Notable silent-cinema vamps include Theda Bara, Helen Gardner, Louise Glaum, Valeska Suratt, Musidora, Virginia Pearson, Olga Petrova, Rosemary Theby, Nita Naldi, Pola Negri, Estelle Taylor, Jetta Goudal, and, in early appearances, Myrna Loy.

Classic film noir era

*Femme fatale* Phyllis Dietrichson, played by Barbara Stanwyck, in the classic film noir *Double Indemnity*

During the era of classic film-noirs of the 1940s and 1950s, the femme fatale flourished in American cinema. The archetypal femme fatale is Phyllis Dietrichson, played by Barbara Stanwyck (who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for this role) in the 1944 film Double Indemnity. This character is considered one of the best femme fatale roles in film noir history.^[31] The character was ranked as the #8 film villain of the first 100 years of American cinema by the American Film Institute in the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains.^[32] In a classical film noir trope, she manipulates a man into killing her husband for financial gain.

Other examples of femme fatale include Brigid O'Shaughnessy, portrayed by Mary Astor, who murders Sam Spade's partner in The Maltese Falcon (1941); manipulative narcissistic daughter Veda (portrayed by Ann Blyth) in Mildred Pierce who exploits her indulgent mother Mildred (portrayed by Joan Crawford) and fatally destroys her mother's remarriage to stepfather Monte Barragon (portrayed by Zachary Scott); Gene Tierney as Ellen Brent Harland in Leave Her to Heaven (1945), and the cabaret singer portrayed by Rita Hayworth in Gilda (1946),^[33] narcissistic wives who manipulate their husbands; Ava Gardner in The Killers and Cora (Lana Turner) in The Postman Always Rings Twice, based on novels by Ernest Hemingway and James M. Cain respectively, manipulate men into killing their husbands.^[33] In the Hitchcock film The Paradine Case (1947), Alida Valli's character causes the deaths of two men and the near destruction of another. Another frequently cited example is the character Jane played by Lizabeth Scott in Too Late for Tears (1949); during her quest to keep some dirty money from its rightful recipient and her husband, she uses poison, lies, sexual teasing and a gun to keep men wrapped around her finger. Jane Greer remains notable as a murderous femme fatale using her wiles on Robert Mitchum in Out of the Past (1947). In Gun Crazy (1950), the femme fatale lures a man into a life of crime. In Hitchcock's 1940 film and Daphne du Maurier's 1938 novel Rebecca, the eponymous femme fatale completely dominates the plot, even though she is already dead and we never see an image of her. Rocky and Bullwinkle's Natasha Fatale, a curvaceous spy, takes her name from the femme fatale stock character. Blonde Ice (1948) features a female serial killer who murders several men.

1980s to the present

The femme fatale is one of the most mesmerizing of sexual personae. She is not a fiction but an extrapolation of biologic realities in women that remain constant.

Sexual Personae (1990) by Camille Paglia^[34]

The femme fatale has carried on to the present day, in films such as Body Heat (1981) and Prizzi's Honor (1985) – both with Kathleen Turner, Blade Runner (1982) with Sean Young, The Hunger (1983) with Catherine Deneuve, Blue Velvet (1986) with Isabella Rossellini, Fatal Attraction (1987) with Glenn Close, Basic Instinct (1992) with Sharon Stone, Damage (1992) with Juliette Binoche, Final Analysis (1992) with Kim Basinger, Dream Lover (1993) with Madchen Amick, The Last Seduction (1994) with Linda Fiorentino, To Die For (1995) with Nicole Kidman, Lost Highway (1997) with Patricia Arquette, Devil in the Flesh (1998) and Jawbreaker (1999), both with Rose McGowan, Cruel Intentions (1999) with Sarah Michelle Gellar, Original Sin (2001) with Angelina Jolie, Femme Fatale (2002) with Rebecca Romijn, and Jennifer's Body (2009) with Megan Fox. In 2013, Tania Raymonde played the title role in Jodi Arias: Dirty Little Secret. In 2014, Eva Green portrayed a femme fatale in Sin City: A Dame to Kill For and Rosamund Pike starred in Gone Girl. In Babylon (2022), Margot Robbie plays character with femme fatale tendencies.^[35]

Academy Award-winning actress Marion Cotillard has frequently played femmes fatales, in such films as A Private Affair (2002), A Very Long Engagement, The Black Box, Inception, Midnight in Paris, The Dark Knight Rises and Macbeth. Nicole Kidman has also played a few femmes fatales in films as To Die For, The Paperboy, Moulin Rouge! and The Northman.

The archetype is also abundantly found in American television. One of the most famous femmes fatales of American television is Sherilyn Fenn's Audrey Horne of the David Lynch cult series Twin Peaks. In the TV series Femme Fatales, actress Tanit Phoenix played Lilith, the host who introduced each episode Rod Serling-style and occasionally appeared within the narrative. In the Netflix TV series Orange Is the New Black, actress Laura Prepon played Alex Vause, a modern femme fatale, who led both men and women to their destruction.

Femmes fatales appear frequently in comic books. Notable examples include Batman's long-time nemesis Catwoman, who first appeared in comics in 1940, and various adversaries of The Spirit, such as P'Gell.

This stock character is also often found in the genres of opera and musical theatre, where she will traditionally have a mezzo, alto or contralto range, opposed to the ingénue's soprano, to symbolize the masculinity and lack of feminine purity.^{[citation needed]} An example is Hélène from Natasha, Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812.

Use in criminal trials

The term has been used by the media in connection with highly publicised criminal trials, such as the trials of Jodi Arias^[36]^[37] and Amanda Knox.^[38]

References

^ Cope, Rebecca (11 March 2014). "Best Film Femme Fatales". Harper's Bazaar.
^ Mary Ann Doane, Femme Fatales (1991) pp. 1–2
^ The Lady from Shanghai
^ Hanson, Philip (2008). "The Arc of National Confidence and the Birth of Film Noir, 1929–1941". Journal of American Studies. 42 (3): 387–414. doi:10.1017/S0021875808005501. ISSN 0021-8758. JSTOR 40464308. S2CID 145788781. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
^ Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, ch. IV, p. 199: La Belle Dame sans Merci (The Beautiful Lady without Mercy). London/New York, 1933–1951–1970 (Oxford University Press).
^ Mario Praz (1970) The Romantic Agony. Oxford University Press: 199, 213–216, 222, 250, 258, 259, 272, 277, 282, 377
^ C. G. Jung ed, Man and his Symbols (1978) p. 187
^ Jill Scott, Electra after Freud (2005) p. 66
^ Huysmans À rebours – Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome: 24
^ Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome
^ Campbell, Mrs Patrick (1922). My Life and Some Letters. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ "Shaw's Vampire". Time. April 22, 1940. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
^ "The Vampire by Rudyard Kipling – Poems | Academy of American Poets".
^ "British Library". Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
^ "Archived copy". artmagick.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Mitchell, J. Lawrence (2012). "Project MUSE - Rudyard Kipling, The Vampire, and the Actress". English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920. 55 (3): 303–314.
^ Kipling, Rudyard. "The Vampire" – via Wikisource.
^ John T. Soister, American Silent Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Feature Films, 1913–1929, McFarland, 2012, p. 41
^ Kalem Films The Lotus Woman. Moving Picture World. 1916. p. 1074.
^ Greenroom Jottings. Motion Picture Story Magazine. 1914. p. 136.
^ Who's who in pictures. Motion Picture Magazine. 1918. pp. 51.
^ "Progressive Silent Film List: A Fool There Was". www.silentera.com.
^ "Theda Bara (1885–1955)". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation. Translated by Pinkus, Karen; Vivrette, Jason. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780822341321. OCLC 179838406.
^ "Vamping It up: Rudyard Kipling, Theda Bara & the 20th Century Femme Fatale". 31 May 2014.
^ "The Vampire by Rudyard Kipling on Quill & Brush, Inc". Archived from the original on 2021-07-25. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
^ "The vampire : A poem : Written for a picture by Philip Burne-Jones exhibited at the New Gallery in London, 1897 /, by Rudyard Kipling | the Online Books Page".
^ Kipling, Rudyard (1898). "The Vampire: A Poem : Written for a Picture by Philip Burne-Jones Exhibited at the New Gallery in London, 1897".
^ Per the Oxford English Dictionary, vamp is originally English, used first by G. K. Chesterton, but popularized in the American silent film The Vamp, starring Enid Bennett
^ "Vamp", Oxford English Dictionary; retrieved 30 December 2016
^ History of American Cinema accessed 1-4-2016
^ AFI List accessed 1-4-2016
^ ^a ^b Johnston, Sheila (27 February 2009). "Whatever happened to the femme fatale?". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
^ Paglia, Camille (1990). Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson. London: Yale University Press. pp. 16. ISBN 978-0-300-04396-9.
^ Le Roy, Félix (2023-01-31). "" Babylon " : Hollywood et ses fantômes". La Règle du Jeu. Retrieved 2023-04-03. Margot Robbie […] in the role of the incendiary blonde Nellie LaRoy, dancing like Salomé, plays a femme fatale who dreams of seeing her name rise, in letters of fire, at the top of the bill.
^ Ortiz, Erik. "Jodi Arias: Femme fatale or woman of faith? Jurors hear conflicting persona in murder trial as prosecutors play phone calls of Arias lying".
^ "Jodi Arias Trial Update: Lawyer Reveals Femme Fatale Was Terrified During Sentencing". 15 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
^ "Amanda Knox is no femme fatale, defence lawyer says". BBC News. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2015-04-30.