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1990 Oregon Ballot Measure 5

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Ballot Measure 5 was a landmark piece of direct legislation in the U.S. state of Oregon in 1990. Measure 5, an amendment to the Oregon Constitution (Article XI, Section 11), established limits on Oregon's property taxes on real estate. Its primary champion and spokesman was Don McIntire,[1] a politically-active Gresham health club owner who would go on to lead the Taxpayers Association of Oregon.

Property taxes dedicated for school funding were capped at $15 per $1,000 of real market value per year and gradually lowered to $5 per $1,000 per year. Property taxes for other purposes were capped at $10 per $1,000 per year. Thus, the total property tax rate would be 1.5% at the end of the five-year phase in period.[2] The measure transferred the responsibility for school funding from local government to the state, to equalize funding.

The measure was passed in the November 6, 1990 general election with 574,833 votes in favor, 522,022 votes against. It was one of the most contentious measures in Oregon election history.

Results by county:

County Yes Votes No Votes Total
Baker 40.00 2,358 60.00 3,537 5,895
Benton 41.82 12,180 58.18 16,946 29,126
Clackamas 58.90 68,976 41.10 48,122 117,098
Clatsop 50.27 6,380 49.73 6,311 12,691
Columbia 50.99 7,775 49.01 7,473 15,248
Coos 47.80 10,636 52.20 11,616 22,252
Crook 44.69 2,341 55.31 2,897 5,238
Curry 47.05 3,691 52.95 4,154 7,845
Deschutes 49.09 14,222 50.91 14,750 28,972
Douglas 47.11 15,946 52.89 17,903 33,849
Gilliam 41.55 354 58.45 498 852
Grant 37.90 1,183 62.10 1,938 3,121
Harney 40.65 1,171 59.35 1,710 2,881
Hood River 54.33 3,268 45.67 2,747 6,015
Jackson 51.09 28,164 48.91 26,959 55,123
Jefferson 44.93 1,927 55.07 2,362 4,289
Josephine 46.39 10,900 53.61 12,595 23,495
Klamath 44.78 8,969 55.22 11,062 20,031
Lake 40.54 1,236 59.46 1,813 3,049
Lane 47.52 51,441 52.48 56,809 108,250
Lincoln 53.27 8,493 46.73 7,449 15,942
Linn 53.69 18,143 46.31 15,648 33,791
Malheur 46.02 3,709 53.98 4,351 8,060
Marion 55.47 46,590 44.53 37,398 83,988
Morrow 32.63 852 67.37 1,718 2,550
Multnomah 55.08 130,020 44.92 106,041 236,061
Polk 52.07 10,479 47.93 9,646 20,125
Sherman 33.40 343 66.60 684 1,027
Tillamook 51.77 4,846 48.23 4,514 9,360
Umatilla 43.28 6,938 56.72 9,094 16,032
Union 44.33 3,908 55.67 4,908 8,816
Wallowa 38.92 1,257 61.08 1,973 3,230
Wasco 61.18 5,385 38.82 3,417 8,802
Washington 56.57 67,756 43.43 52,014 119,770
Wheeler 37.58 242 62.42 402 644
Yamhill 54.74 12,774 45.26 10,563 23,337

Historical significance

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Although measure numbers are reused, the effect of this measure on the state was significant enough that when Oregonians speak of Measure 5, they are usually referring to the specific measure passed in 1990. Measure 5 is often seen as the beginning of the Oregon tax revolt. One effect of the measure was that funding for local schools was shifted from primarily local property tax funds to state funds.[3] With this, it led to a general equalization of funding between districts as funds are now given to districts based on the number of students in each district.[3] Schools with higher value property in their districts previously could fund local schools at a higher rate than more economically depressed areas.

Passage of the measure and the limits led to some discussion of eliminating county services in Multnomah County by combining them with Portland city services or Metro, as well as talks of combining Multnomah, Washington, and Clackamas counties into one large urban county for the Portland metro area.[4]

Lasting effects and subsequent legislation

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The measure has remained controversial since its passage. Oregon remains one of only five states without a sales tax, the others being Alaska, Delaware, Montana, and New Hampshire. Furthermore, the measure is blamed for cuts in school programs, the budget crises of 2002 and 2003 and cuts to statewide public safety programs, including deep cuts to the Oregon State Police which never fully recovered from 50% staffing reductions. Many critics say that then-Governor Barbara Roberts' warning that Measure 5's passage would lead to massive chaos has been borne out. Supporters defend the measure as necessary to curb government spending excesses.

Measure 5 was followed up with Measure 47 in 1996 and Measure 50 in 1997. Measure 47 limited the growth of a property's assessed value to 3% maximum per year to combat local governments' raising assessed values to make up the difference in the rate they could charge.[2] Measure 50 clarified that measure.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Don McIntire, activist who led property tax revolt, dies at 74". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon: Oregonian Media Group. October 12, 2012.
  2. ^ a b Sokolow, Alvin, D. (Winter 1998). "The Changing Property Tax and State-Local Relations: The State of American Federalism, 1997-1998". Publius. 28 (1). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press: 165–187. doi:10.2307/3331014. JSTOR 3331014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Graces, Bill (September 26, 1993). "Schools: Teaching within our means". The Oregonian. Oregonian Media Group.
  4. ^ Moore, Elizabeth (December 24, 1990). "Multnomah County officials mull effect of cap on taxes". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon: Oregonian Media Group.
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